From 1755 to 1830 Indian agent was a representative of the British Indian Department in British North America.
From the 1830s (beginning in what was then so-called "Lower Canada") until the 1960s, an Indian agent was the Canadian government's representative on First Nations reserves. The British involvement ended in 1860 when Indigenous affairs were whole Canadian responsibility. The role of the Indian agent in Canadian history has never been fully documented,[1] and today the position no longer exists.
The position of Indian agent was established in the early 1870s. Indian agents were responsible for implementing government policy on reserves, enforcing and administering the provisions of the Indian Act, and managing the day-to-day affairs of First Nations people.[2]
An Indian agent was the chief administrator for Indian affairs in their respective districts, although the title now is largely in disuse in preference to "government agent". The powers of the Indian agent held sway over the lives of all First Nations peoples in their jurisdictions. Both Indian Act and government agent duties were fused in the original colonial title of gold commissioner, which encompassed both agencies as well as the duties of magistrate, policeman, coroner and surveyor.
Under the pass system in place from 1885 until World War II, a Status Indian was not allowed to leave his or her Indian reserve without a pass signed by the Indian agent and could be arrested if found off reserve without a pass or with a pass that had expired.[3]
Notable Indian agents in Canada included Henry Ross Halpin,[4] Ebenezer McColl,[5] and Alexander McKee.[6]
In 1969, First Nations peoples overwhelming rejected a government policy paper called the White Paper, which called for erasing the legal distinctions between First Nations people and others in Canada by repealing the Indian Act. First Nations people did not want to be assimilated, and they also disliked the paternalistic way they were being treated by the government. As a result, the government began to slowly change its approach, including by withdrawing all Indian agents from reserves.[7]
This title Indian agent was also used in the United States in the 19th and early 20th centuries for individuals authorized to interact with Native American tribes on behalf of the U.S. government; see Indian agent.
References
edit- ^ Erasmus, Georges; Dussault, Rene (26 August 1991). Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (PDF).
- ^ Satzewich, Victor (1997). "Indian Agents and the "Indian Problem" in Canada in 1946: Reconsidering the Theory of Coercive Tutelage" (PDF). The Canadian Journal of Native Studies. XVII: 227–257.
- ^ "Dark history of Canada's First Nations pass system uncovered in documentary | CBC News".
- ^ Halpin, Henry Ross; Elliott, David Raymond (2008). Adventures in the West: Henry Ross Halpin, fur trader and Indian agent. Toronto: Natural Heritage Books. ISBN 9781550028034. OCLC 183265023.
- ^ McColl, Frances (1989). Ebenezer McColl, "friend to the Indians", Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Manitoba and Northwest Territories: a biography 1835-1902. Winnipeg: F. McColl. ISBN 0969405308. OCLC 20853139.
- ^ Nelson, Larry L (1999). A man of distinction among them: Alexander McKee and the country frontier, 1754-1799. Kent, Ohio; London, England: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0873386205. OCLC 39839470.
- ^ First Nations in Canada. Ottawa: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. 2013. ISBN 978-1-100-22712-2.
See also
edit
- Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
- Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
- Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
- The Canadian Crown and First Nations, Inuit and Métis
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