The Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Light is an active aid to navigation[1] that marks the end of a breakwater on the east side of the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal where it enters Lake Michigan.[2][3]
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 | |
| Location | East side of Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal entrance to Lake Michigan |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 41°40′51″N 87°26′28″W / 41.68083°N 87.44111°W |
| Tower | |
| Construction | steel |
| Height | 23 m (75 ft)  |
| Shape | square tower |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1935 |
| Focal height | 78 feet (24 m) |
| Lens | fourth-order Fresnel lens |
| Range | 12 nautical miles; 23 kilometres (14 mi) |
| Characteristic | Isophase green 6s |
History
editAccording to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, Michigan's southern boundary should be a line drawn from the southern tip of Lake Michigan east to Lake Erie. Due to errors of cartography, Lake Michigan was charted further north than it really is. This error put Toledo, Ohio and the Maumee River mouth in Ohio. This was one of the bones of contention involved in the “Toledo War”, which was only resolved by Act of Congress, and the related award of the Upper Peninsula to Michigan. All of this had an indirect effect on Indiana's northern border, which now encompassed the southern tip of Lake Michigan.[4]
Indiana Harbor was constructed over several years, beginning in 1901, and this included a breakwater paralleling the east edge of the channel where it enters the lake.[4] In 1914 responsibility for the waterway and its facilities was assumed by the Corps of Engineers, and there is some indication that the Corps erected a lighthouse on the breakwater in 1920; however, information on its construction is lacking.
On 26 March 1901, Inland Steel Company contracted with Lake Michigan Land Company. It accepted fifty acres of dune land near East Chicago and a promise that a harbor and railroad would be built, in consideration of a promise to build a steel plant there that would cost no less than one million dollars. For $500,000, Inland Steel divested itself of Inland Iron and Forge Company, and raised another $500,000 to fund the project.[4][5]
During 1901 and 1902, Indiana Harbor was dredged and a breakwater built. In 1903, work began on a canal that would eventually linking the Indiana Harbor inland to both the Grand Calumet River and Lake George. Over the next several years, many industries were established there.[4]
In 1914, the federal government assumed responsibility for Indiana Harbor and the canal. The first lighthouse was constructed in the harbor in 1920. The current light was erected in 1935, and is identical to the better known Port Washington Breakwater Light in Wisconsin.[6][7] It is an Art Deco steel tower standing on a circular pier at the tip of the breakwater. The original lantern, which housed a fourth order Fresnel lens (1 second flash every 7.5 seconds), has been removed and replaced by a modern beacon with a characteristic of three seconds on followed by three seconds off.[4]
It is one of a dozen past or present lighthouses in Indiana.[7]
The prior square light[8] was decommissioned when it became redundant, as the harbor had grown past it.[7]
A contemporary unmanned light in the Art Deco style is the Gravelly Shoal Light in Michigan.
Although it never had a resident lighthouse keeper, this light is a recognized 'significant light" by the National Park Service National Maritime Initiative.[9]
In June, 2009 the Coast Guard proposed changing the light to a green Light emitting diode.[10]
Getting there
editThe industrial area surrounding the breakwater is private and the area closed. It is best seen from the water.[4] Charters, however, are available.[11]
The lighthouse is owned by the Coast Guard and the tower is closed.[4]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "Lighthouse Depot, Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Light". Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ "Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society, Indiana Harbor East Breakwater (Lake Michigan) Light ARLHS USA-401".
- ^ "Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society, World List of Lights". Archived from the original on April 21, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Anderson, Kraig, Lighthouse friends, Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Lighthouse".
- ^ Perry, W. A., A History of Inland Steel Company And The Indiana Harbor Works.
- ^ "Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Indiana". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2008-11-24. Note that the document has a picture of this light under "Indiana Harbor Light," and that it has the correct history and wrong picture under "Indiana Harbor East Breakwater Light,"
- ^ a b c Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of the United States: Indiana". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- ^ Undated U.S. Coast Guard Photo of prior Indiana Harobr Light.
- ^ National Park Service Maritime History Project, Inventory of Historic Light Stations. Significant Unmanned Aids. Archived 2013-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Archive of LNM announcements District 9, week 6/2009, (file lnm09062009.pdf) Archived 2010-06-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Coho Magic Charters out of Robert A. Pastrick Marina in East Chicago, Indiana.
References
edit- "Indiana Harbor East Breakwater, IN". lighthousefriends.com. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
- Chart 14929: Calumet, Indiana and Buffington Harbors, and Lake Calumet (Map). NOAA. 2003. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Further reading
edit- Andreas, A.T. (1884) History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time,
- Chicago's Front Door, Chicago Public Library Digital Collection, website.
- Chicago, Scribner's Monthly (September 1875) Vol. X, No. 5.
- Hyde, Charles K., and Ann and John Mahan. (1995) The Northern Lights: Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, p. 132. ISBN 0-8143-2554-8 ISBN 9780814325544.
- Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
- Karamanski, T. Ed., Historic Lighthouses and Navigational Aids of the Illinois Shore of Lake Michigan Loyola University & Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, (1989).
- Longstreet, Stephen (1973) Chicago 1860-1919 (New York: McKay).
- Lopez, Victor. "This Old Lighthouse: Chicago Harbor Beacon Gets a Facelift." Coast Guard (September, 1997), pp. 24–25.
- Mayer, Harold M. (1957) The Port of Chicago University of Chicago Press.
- Pepper, Terry. "Seeing the Light: Lighthouses on the western Great Lakes". Archived from the original on January 30, 2008.
- Perry, W.A (1979) A History of Inland Steel Company And The Indiana Harbor Works (booklet) Northwest Regional Collection, Calumet Regional Archives Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, Indiana University
- Rice, Mary J., Chicago: Port to the World (Follet Publishers, 1969).
- Sapulski, Wayne S., (2001) Lighthouses of Lake Michigan: Past and Present (Paperback) (Fowlerville: Wilderness Adventure Books) ISBN 0-923568-47-6; ISBN 978-0-923568-47-4.
- Wagner, John L. "Beacons Shining in the Night: The Lighthouses of Michigan". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University.