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The indigenous peoples of Brunei are Bruneian people who belong to the ethnic groups considered indigenous to the country. It is more commonly attributed to indigenous people of the Malay race belonging to the seven ethnic groups, namely: Brunei, Tutong, Belait, Dusun, Murut, Kedayan and Bisaya.[1][2] The local term rakyat jati refers to citizens of indigenous descent, in particular the aforementioned seven ethnic groups. The term bumiputera has also been sometimes used to refer to the indigenous peoples.
Definition
editAccording to the Brunei Nationality Act,[3] the indigenous people of Brunei are mainly classified into Malays and non-Malays. Indigenous Malays comprise the following ethnic groups:
Meanwhile the indigenous people other than the Malays are defined in the First Schedule of the Act to comprise the following ethnic groups:
- Bukitans
- Dayaks (sea)
- Dayaks (land)
- Kelabits
- Kayans
- Kenyahs (including Sabups and Sipengs)
- Kajangs (including Sekapans, Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tanjongs and Kanowits)
- Lugats
- Lisums
- Melanaus
- Penans
- Sians
- Tagals
- Tabuns
- Ukits
Precedence
editBeing accorded the status of rakyat jati ('indigenous citizens') in Brunei carries with it certain benefits and opportunities which other non-indigenous citizens may not have access to. Skim Tanah Kurnia Rakyat Jati (translates as "Landless Indigenous Citizens' Scheme") is a public housing scheme which allows the rakyat jati people to acquire land and home in the allocated public housing estates.[citation needed] The Royal Brunei Armed Forces primarily employ the indigenous Malays.[citation needed] In the Brunei Constitution, the government ministers and deputy ministers must be of "the Malay race professing the Islamic Religion, save where His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan otherwise decides."[5]
Concerns
editThe justification for these special privileges and affirmative action schemes is that the bumiputera or the indigenous people face disadvantages due to the success of other groups in society, for example the Chinese.[6] One case of such disadvantage can be seen in the demise of the construction industry in Brunei. The building sector is a major employer of Bumiputeras and forms the lifeblood of many Bumiputera families.[7]
According to Minority Rights Group International, the non-Muslim indigenous people are continuously "banned" from conducting non-Islamic religious activities, and "pressured" and "incentivized" to convert to Islam. It also claimed that the government policy and legislation discourage indigenous cultures and languages.[8]
There is a lack of "opposition" to the bumiputera concept in Brunei due to the country being an autocratic sultanate and the lack of political diversity.[9][additional citation(s) needed]
See also
editNotes and references
edit- ^ Brunei Darussalam In Brief (PDF). Information Department. 2013. p. 46. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "Berita Utama - Pupuk usaha pelihara warisan budaya Melayu". berita-utama.971100.n3.nabble.com (in Malay).[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Brunei Nationality Act" (PDF). www.agc.gov.bn. p. 22. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ Keat Gin, Ooi (14 December 2015). Brunei – History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. ISBN 9781317659983. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ "Constitution of Brunei Darussalam" (PDF). www.agc.gov.bn. p. 10. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ Gunn, Geoffrey (1997). Language, Power, and Ideology in Brunei Darussalam. Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN 9780896801929. OCLC 863207320.
- ^ Gunn, Geoffrey (2008). "Brunei Darussalam: Dynastic Fallout, Economic Crisis and Recovery". Nagasaki University's Academic Output Site. hdl:10069/20942. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
- ^ Minority Rights Group International (2008). "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Brunei Darussalam : Dusun, Murut, Kedayan, Iban, Tutong, Penan". Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ Economist Intelligence Unit (2008).Country Profile/Report, Malaysia, Brunei