The Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 40) enabled the creation of industrial development boards with powers to raise levies from specific industrial sectors in the United Kingdom for co-ordinated action, particularly in research, marketing and industrial re-organisation. These Boards were to report to the Board of Trade and have equal representation from trades unions and employers alongside independent experts.
| Act of Parliament | |
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| Long title | An Act to provide for the establishment of development councils to exercise functions for improving or developing the service rendered to the community by industries and for other purposes in relation thereto, for making funds available for certain purposes in relation to industries for which there is no development council, for the disposal of any surplus of funds levied under emergency provision for encouragement of exports, for the making of grants to bodies established for the improvement of design, and for purposes connected therewith and consequential thereon. |
|---|---|
| Citation | 10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 40 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 31 July 1947 |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Text of the Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. | |
Origins of the Act
editDuring the Second World War the Board of Trade made plans for post-war industry boards that would report to an Industrial Commission, each with significant powers. The boards would be "responsible for a range of closely inter-related projects ... all concerned with various aspects of industrial efficiency in the widest sense – re-equipment, re-organisation, development of new ideas ..." and granted powers of compulsory purchase as a last resort.[1]
In the event, the Act made the relations of the industrial concerns to the boards largely voluntary, excepting powers to oblige them to register with the Boards and pay levies to pay for the boards' activities. Historian Corelli Barnett quotes Harold Wilson, then President of the Board of Trade, as saying: "[they] largely depended for the success of their efforts on securing the agreement and co-operation of the individual undertakings in an industry".[2] Barnett concludes that:
Given that the British industrial system was deeply, doggedly resistant to reform, and no parts more so than those most hidebound and therefore in need of reform, such agreement and co-operation proved hard to find.[3]
Initial controversy
editSlow progress in setting up the Development Councils caused frustration among trades unions, and particularly the Trades Union Congress, who warned in that the establishment of development councils could not be delayed much longer "without harming the immediate future and long-term prospects of industry"[4] The TUC, in the face of the need to increase domestic exports and production, believed that:
War-time experience showed that it was well worth while to appoint a special committee—a joint production committee—to concentrate on production problems. The form which regular consultation should take must vary from industry to industry; what is wanted is the initiative to agree upon the machinery and the will to make it work[4]
Employers, however, were suspicious of the proposed new arrangements:
Employers' objections to development councils are attributed partly to a dislike of outsiders—or even union officials—having a say in the management of their industry, but perhaps more to anxiety lest the development council should prove, in spite of all assurances, to be a half-way house to nationalization[5]
Early Industrial Development Boards and associations created under the Act
editOnly four boards were created in first wave. These included bodies for the cotton industry, furniture and jewellery and silverware.[6] The Wool Textile Research Council was established in 1950[7] which funded the Wool Industries Research Association.
An order was made to create the Lace Research Association in 1948[8] and help for export promotion a little later[9] with both activities funded by levies.
However, suggestions for other development boards proved controversial, particularly among employers, while trades unions were more enthusiastic, pushing for a development board to be set up for the pottery industry, for example.[10]
Despite pressure from Labour backbenchers and the Trades Union Congress (TUC), plans for a Hosiery Development Board came to nothing. Wilson explained: "The employers in this industry are opposed to the establishment of a statutory Development Council. My aim has been to proceed in this matter as far as possible by agreement and I have not given up hope of doing so." But a Hosiery Board was not established.
Dissatisfaction with slow progress included an adjournment debate in 1948, where Labour backbencher Mr. A. Edward Davies MP stated that:
In respect of furniture, pottery, mining, china clay, hosiery and cotton we were given an indication that the Government took the view that there might be set up with some useful results, development councils which would have some limited statutory power, and we had hoped that by this time greater progress could have been reported on what had been done in industry along those lines. The position today is that unfortunately, apart from the cotton industry, little seems to have been achieved. In fact, we have had great and responsible organisations like the TUC criticising the Government for the delay in implementing the Act and bringing in development councils.[10]
Davies went on to explain that employers seemed to fear nationalisation or interference, and the equal representation from unions on the councils, adding that resisting modernisation was unreasonable. He particularly lamented the lack of progress in the pottery industry which he had been championing. For Davies and the TUC, therefore, development councils were expected to be a key part of industrial planning and modernisation.
From a Conservative point of view, the Act was a failure because of mistrust of the intentions of the administration. Aubrey Jones MP said in 1952:
in 1945, the then Labour Government had a double industrial programme; for certain industries, nationalisation; for others, development councils. In the light of history I think it will be judged that the Industrial Organisation Act, 1947, has failed, not because of any defect in the conception but because people feared that the development council was the thin end of the wedge of nationalisation.[11]
The Act under Conservative administration
editUnder Churchill's new Conservative government, elected in 1951, two of the development boards were quickly abolished. These were the Clothing Industry Development Council, abolished in 1952,[12] and the Jewellery and Silverware Council in 1953.[13][14] Both Boards had run into disagreements between their members about how to proceed.
The Cotton Board
editThe Cotton Board, unlike other boards, had received support from its industry. It was used to help reorganise the industry in the late 1950s. Large scale government investment particularly to replace old equipment was facilitated by the Board, but a combination of a credit squeeze, cheaper imports led to a crisis of confidence. The re-organisation was not wholly successful.
The Cotton Board was abolished in 1972, after completing a major report into the future of the industry. Many of its recommendations, particularly the use of tariffs to limit imports rather than quotas, had been accepted.
New uses of the Act in the 1960s
editThe cutlery industry requested a specific research levy in 1960[15] and were granted it in 1962. Horticulturers requested support along these lines as well, as a replacement for the Horticultural Marketing Council.
Levies to support other industry projects, mainly in research, found more support under the Wilson government of the 1960s. An Apple and Pear Development Council was created in 1966.[16] In 1967, iron casting research funding was obtained through the Act[17] followed by support for hosiery research in 1969.[18] Unlike the first wave of Industrial Boards, the responsibilities of these bodies were generally more limited and industry support clearer.
Later uses of the Act
editAgricultural research and marketing
editFurther industry requests for levy schemes to support agriculture came during the Conservative governments of the 1980s and 1990s, for instance from the National Farmers Union for a horticultural development council,[19] which was established in 1986.[20] A Potato Industry Development Council (1997),[21] Scottish Seed Potato Development Council (1981–1997)[22][23] and Milk Development Council (1994)[24] were all established under the Act.
The Horticultural Development Council,[25] the Milk Development Council,[26] and British Potato Council[27] were funded under the Act until 2008, when they were merged with the Home-Grown Cereals Authority and Meat and Livestock Commission.[28] They operate as separate bodies, levy-funded by their industries, but are administered under the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 as a single body: the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board.
Wool and textiles
editOther than agriculture, levies were still being raised on the wool textile industries to promote exports in the first decade of the 21st century. They were paid to the National Wool Textile Export Corporation.[29] However, in 2007, a consultation was run to remove this levy[30] and a Statutory Instrument to revoke it was passed in 2008.[31]
Conclusion
editClearly, the Act was not used extensively to reorganise British industry as originally envisaged. The Act proved controversial at first, as it was seen as an attempt to increase government control of industry, union influence and perhaps pave the way for nationalisation. Only four development boards were created under the 1945–51 Labour government. Of the major industries, only cotton saw a powerful Board created from the Act that went on to play a strategic role in helping change its industry.
On the other hand, the Act provided a useful mechanism to find funding for marketing and research. Establishments such as Wool Industries Research Institute, or the Shirley Institute for the cotton industry, had an international reputation in their fields, and very talented scientists developed their careers there. However, similar research institutes developed in other industries through a combination of direct funding and voluntary arrangements, such as the British Rubber Producers Research Association or British Rayon Research Association.
Later, limited schemes to raise levies under the Act for research or marketing gained the support of specific industries, particularly in the agricultural sector. The use of levies to support this work continues, although no statutory organisation uses the powers of the Act today.
Further reading
editReferences
edit- ^ CAB 87/10, R(45)8, 5 February 1945; quoted in The Lost Victory, Corelli Barnett. Macmillan, 1995
- ^ CAB 134/647 PC(50)72, 5 July 1950 Development Councils under the Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947; quoted in The Lost Victory, Corelli Barnett. Macmillan, 1995
- ^ The Lost Victory, Corelli Barnett. Macmillan, 1995, p206
- ^ a b Consultation in industry, TUC impatience at delays, The Times, 14 October 1947, page 4
- ^ Development Councils: little achieved, The Times, 19 July 1948, page 6
- ^ Development Councils, HC Deb 26 July 1949 vol 467 c109W
- ^ Wool Industry (Research levy) HC Deb 24 July 1952 vol 504 cc901-20
- ^ Lace Industry (Levy) Order) HL Deb 16 December 1948 vol 159 cc1141-4
- ^ "LACE FURNISHINGS INDUSTRY (EXPORT PROMOTION LEVY) (Hansard, 7 December 1953)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 7 December 1953.
- ^ a b Pottery Industry (Development Council) HC Deb 14 September 1948 vol 456 cc33-56
- ^ Iron and Steel Bill, HC Deb 27 November 1952 vol 508 cc643-754
- ^ Clothing Industry Development Council (dissolution) HC Deb 1 December 1952 vol 508 cc123-4W
- ^ Jewellery and Silverware Council (Dissolution) HC Deb 11 December 1952 vol 509 cc87-8W
- ^ Jewellery and Silverware Council (Dissolution) Order
- ^ Cutlery Industry (Research Levy) HC Deb 25 October 1960 vol 627 c260W
- ^ Apple and Pear Development Council (Amendment) Order 1970
- ^ Iron Casting Industry (Scientific Research Levy) Order 1967 HL Deb 19 June 1967 vol 283 cc1171-4
- ^ Hosiery and Knitwear Industry (Scientific Research Levy) Order, 1969 HC Deb 27 June 1969 vol 785 cc1891-917
- ^ Agriculture Bill HC Deb 25 November 1985 vol 87 cc614-98
- ^ Horticultural Development Council Order 1986 HL Deb 26 June 1986 vol 477 cc470-6
- ^ Potato Industry Development Council Order 1997 HL Deb 3 February 1997 vol 577 cc1462-70
- ^ Scottish Seed Potato Development Council (Dissolution) Order 1997 HL Deb 8 July 1997 vol 581 cc593-6
- ^ Scottish Seed Potato Development Council Order 1981 HL Deb 24 November 1981 vol 425 cc707-13
- ^ Milk Development Council Order 1994 HL Deb 13 December 1994 vol 559 cc1265-9
- ^ Horticultural Development Council Annual Report and Accounts 2007-08
- ^ The Milk Development Council annual report and accounts 2007/2008
- ^ British Potato Council Accounts 2007-8
- ^ Section 17, The Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board Order 2008
- ^ Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947 Account 2004-2005
- ^ "The Future of the Wool Textile Industry Export Promotion Levy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
- ^ House of Commons debates, 10 November 2008, 9:49 pm