Infraspinatus muscle

In human anatomy, the infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. As one of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, the main function of the infraspinatus is to externally rotate the humerus and stabilize the shoulder joint.

Infraspinatus muscle
Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column (posterior view).
Infraspinatus muscle (shown in red) seen from behind.
Details
Origin	Infraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion	Middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus
Artery	Suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries
Nerve	Suprascapular nerve
Actions	External rotation of arm and stabilization of glenohumeral joint
Identifiers
Latin	musculus infraspinatus
TA98	A04.6.02.008
TA2	2458
FMA	32546
Anatomical terms of muscle

Structure

It attaches medially to the infraspinous fossa of the scapula and laterally to the middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus.

The muscle arises by fleshy fibers from the medial two-thirds of the infraspinatous fossa, and by tendinous fibers from the ridges on its surface; it also arises from the infraspinatous fascia which covers it, and separates it from the teres major and teres minor.

The fibers converge to a tendon, which glides over the lateral border of the spine of the scapula and passing across the posterior part of the capsule of the shoulder-joint, is inserted into the middle impression on the greater tubercle of the humerus. The trapezoidal insertion of the infraspinatus onto the humerus is much larger than the equivalent insertion of the supraspinatus, the reason why the infraspinatus is involved in rotator cuff tears about as frequently as the supraspinatus.

Relations

The tendon of this muscle is sometimes separated from the capsule of the shoulder-joint by a bursa, which may communicate with the joint cavity.

Innervation

The suprascapular nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. These muscles function to abduct and laterally rotate the arm, respectively.

Variation

The infraspinatus is frequently fused with the teres minor.

Function

The infraspinatus is the main external rotator of the shoulder. When the arm is fixed, it adducts the inferior angle of the scapula. Its synergists are teres minor and the deltoid. The infraspinatus and teres minor rotate the head of the humerus outward (external, or lateral, rotation); they also assist in carrying the arm backward. Additionally, the infraspinatus reinforces the capsule of the shoulder joint.

In animals

From an evolutionary prospective, the pectoral muscles – the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor – are thought to have evolved from a primitive muscle sheet that connected the coracoid to the humerus. In late reptilians and early mammals, this muscle structure was displaced dorsally; while most of its components evolved into the pectoralis major, some fibers eventually attached to the scapula and evolved into the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, and parts of the subscapularis.

Additional images

• 
  Infraspinatus muscle (shown in red). Animation.
• 
  Muscles on the dorsum of the scapula, infraspinatus is labelled 8 (posterior view).
• 
  Infraspinatus muscle
• 
  Infraspinatus muscle
• 
  Left scapula. Posterior surface.
• 
  Left humerus. Posterior view.
• 
  Infraspinatus muscle

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 441 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

Saladin, Kenneth. Anatomy and Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. 7th ed., McGraw Hill Education, 2014. pp. 343, 346, 491, 543. Funk, Lennard. Rotator Cuff Biomechanics. Shoulderdoc.co.uk. TheFresh Healthcare Marketing, 11 Feb 2016. Web.

External links

• Anatomy figure: 03:03-04 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
• ExRx