An interim government led by Muhammad Yunus was formed on 8 August 2024 in Bangladesh, following the resignation and fleeing of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on 5 August 2024 amid nationwide student and public protests against the government. Following the dissolution of the 12th Jatiya Sangsad on 6 August 2024, the interim cabinet will remain in office until a new Prime Minister is appointed after a snap general election. The government, like the previous non-caretaker government interim administrations (in 1975 and 1990), is extra-constitutional. However, the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh affirmed the legality of the stopgap government on 9 August 2024, citing the urgent need to manage state affairs and address the constitutional vacuum,[1][2][3] similar to previous cases. The main pledge of his ministry is organize a constituent assembly to draft and adopt a new, democratic and inclusive constitution, ensuring the inviolability of human dignity.[4]
Yunus ministry | |
|---|---|
 Interim government of Bangladesh | |
| 8 August 2024 – present | |
.jpg) Muhammad Yunus | |
| Date formed | 8 August 2024 |
| People and organisations | |
| President | Mohammed Shahabuddin |
| Chief Adviser | Muhammad Yunus |
| Total no. of members | 30 |
| Member party | Independent |
| Status in legislature | Dissolved |
| History | |
| Election | - |
| Outgoing election | TBA |
| Predecessor | Hasina V |
President Mohammed Shahabuddin administered the oath of office to Yunus and his council of advisers at Bangabhaban on 8 August 2024.[5] The cabinet currently consists of 1 Chief Adviser, 22 Advisers and 8 Special Positions Under the Chief Adviser's Office. The Jamuna State Guest House is serving as the official residence of the Chief Adviser.[5]
Background
editOn 5 August 2024, Bangladesh's longtime Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigned and fled to India following the non-cooperation movement. It was a pro-democratic disinvestment movement and mass uprising, of which, the sole demand was the resignation of Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet, initiated within the framework of the month-long quota reform movement resulting in mass killings. Both of the movements were parts of a wider movement known as the Student–People's uprising or the July Revolution. Soon after, the Chief of Army Staff Gen. Waker-uz-Zaman and President Mohammed Shahabuddin announced the formation of an interim government. The president immediately started the process of meeting with political leaders from around the country to discuss the formation of an interim government. The president also dissolved the parliament on 6 August 2024. Anti-discrimination Students Movement, the principal organisation that led the movement, proposed the name of Muhammad Yunus for the head of government. Yunus, then residing in Paris, agreed to hold the position. The formation of the interim government was finalised on 7 August 2024.
Formation
edit8 August 2024
edit
- Muhammad Yunus was appointed by the President Mohammed Shahabuddin as the Chief Adviser to the interim government of Bangladesh.[6]
- 16 persons were also appointed as other advisers to the interim government by the President:[7]
- Yunus was sworn in by the President at the Bangabhaban.[8] Along with him, 13 of the 16 appointed advisers also took the oath, also administered by the President. It was announced that the remaining three advisers—Supradip Chakma, Bidhan Ranjan Roy, and Faruk-e-Azam would take their oaths at a later time.[9] The oath ceremony was attended by national and international guests, including several ambassadors and the chiefs of the armed forces of Bangladesh—the Chief of Army Staff, the Chief of Naval Staff, and the Chief of Air Staff. Senior political figures from various political parties (except the Awami League) were also present, alongside many other distinguished guests.[10]
9 August 2024
edit
- The distribution of ministries and divisions was made public. A total of 27 ministries and divisions were assigned to Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus. One ministry was assigned to each of the other 13 advisers.[11]
11 August 2024
edit
- Supradip Chakma and Bidhan Ranjan Roy were sworn in as advisers by the President.[12][13]
- Following their appointment, the responsibility for ministries and divisions was redistributed among Yunus, Chakma and Roy. One ministry was allocated to each of the two advisers, resulting in 25 ministries and divisions being managed by the Chief Adviser.[14]
13 August 2024
edit
- Faruk-e-Azam, was sworn in as adviser.[15][16]
- Following his appointment, a redistribution of ministries and divisions was carried out between Yunus and Faruk. Faruk was assigned a ministry, resulting in 24 ministries and divisions being managed by the Chief Adviser.[17]
- Shafiqul Alam, a seasoned journalist and Bangladesh Bureau Chief of Agence France-Presse was appointed as Press Secretary to the Chief Adviser with status of a Secretary.[18][19][20][21]
14 August 2024
edit- Lamiya Morshed, executive director of Yunus Centre and Grameen Healthcare Trust, was appointed as Principal Coordinator for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Affairs with the status of a Senior Secretary.[22][23][24][21]
16 August 2024
edit
- Additional four Advisers—Wahiduddin Mahmud, Ali Imam Majumder, Muhammad Fouzul Kabir Khan, and Jahangir Alam Chowdhury were appointed by President Mohammed Shahabuddin and were sworn in on the same day.[25][26]
- Following their appointment, a redistribution of ministries and divisions was carried out between the Chief Adviser and all the Advisers. A total of 10 ministries and divisions were taken charge of by the Chief Adviser. Responsibilities for one ministry each were assigned to many of the other advisers, while some advisers were assigned multiple ministries.[27]
- Ali Imam Majumder was appointed as Special Assistant to the Chief Adviser, a role equivalent to an adviser. In the official document, his role is described as being "Attached to the Office of the Chief Adviser".[27]
22 August 2024
edit
- Abdul Hafiz was appointed as Special Assistant to Chief Adviser on Defense and National Integration, a role equivalent to an adviser.[28][29][30]
27 August 2024
edit
- A redistribution of ministries and divisions was carried out between Chief Adviser and four other advisers, resulting in 6 ministries and divisions being managed by the Chief Adviser.[31]
28 August 2024
edit- Mahfuz Alam, a Liaison Committee Coordinator of Anti-discrimination Students Movement was appointed as Special Assistant to Chief Adviser with the status of a secretary.[32][33][34]
4 September 2024
edit
- Lutfey Siddiqui was appointed as Chief Adviser's Envoy on International Affairs, a role equivalent to an adviser.[35][36]
10 November 2024
edit- Mahfuz Alam, Sheikh Bashir Uddin and Mostofa Sarwar Farooki were appointed and sworn in as Advisers by President Mohammed Shahabuddin at Bangabhaban.[37][38][39]
- Following their appointment a redistribution of ministries and division was carried out, resulting in four ministries and divisions under the Chief Adviser.[40][41]
- Former Inspector General of Police Khoda Baksh Chowdhury, Vice-Chancellor of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Md Sayedur Rahman and M Aminul Islam were appointed as Special Assistant to the Chief Adviser with the status of Minister of State. They were also given Executive Power over Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Education respectively.[42][43]
19 November 2024
edit- Khalilur Rahman, a former High Commissioner of Bangladesh to Canada, UN official and current member of board of trustees of East West University was appointed as High Representative to the Chief Adviser on Rohingya Issues and Priority Affairs.[44][45][46]
21 November 2024
edit- President Mohammed Shahabuddin, appointed A M M Nasir Uddin, a former Secretary as the Chief Election Commissioner and four other Election Commissioners.[47][48][49][50]
Members
editThe following is the list of members of the interim government:[a][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][46][52][53][54]
Ministry and adviser distribution
edit| Ministry/Division | Adviser | Date of Appointment | Date of Termination |
|---|---|---|---|
| Armed Forces Division | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Cabinet Division | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Agriculture | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Jahangir Alam Chowdhury | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 10 November 2024 |
| A F Hassan Ariff | 10 November 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 11 August 2024 |
| Supradip Chakma | 11 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Commerce | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Salehuddin Ahmed | 16 August 2024 | 10 November 2024 | |
| Sheikh Bashir Uddin | 10 November 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Cultural Affairs | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Asif Nazrul | 16 August 2024 | 10 November 2024 | |
| Mostofa Sarwar Farooki | 10 November 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Defense | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Faruk-e-Azam | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Education | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Wahiduddin Mahmud | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change | Rizwana Hasan | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Expatriates Welfare and Overseas Employment | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Asif Nazrul | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Finance | Salehuddin Ahmed | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock | Farida Akhter | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Food | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 10 November 2024 |
| Ali Imam Majumder | 10 November 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs | Md. Touhid Hossain | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Health and Family Welfare | Nurjahan Begum | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Home Affairs | M Sakhawat Hussain | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Jahangir Alam Chowdhury | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Housing and Public Works | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Adilur Rahman Khan | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Information and Broadcasting | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Nahid Islam | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Industries | Adilur Rahman Khan | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Labour & Employment | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Asif Mahmud | 16 August 2024 | 10 November 2024 | |
| M Sakhawat Hussain | 10 November 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Land | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 22 August 2024 |
| A F Hassan Ariff | 22 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs | Asif Nazrul | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Liberation War Affairs | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 13 August 2024 |
| Faruk-e-Azam | 13 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives | A. F Hassan Ariff | 8 August 2024 | 10 November 2024 |
| Asif Mahmud | 10 November 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Planning | Salehuddin Ahmed | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Wahiduddin Mahmud | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Primary and Mass Education | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 11 August 2024 |
| Bidhan Ranjan Roy | 11 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology | Nahid Islam | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Muhammad Fouzul Kabir Khan | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Public Administration | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Railways | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Muhammad Fouzul Kabir Khan | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Religious Affairs | A F M Khalid Hossain | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Muhammad Fouzul Kabir Khan | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Science and Technology | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 22 August 2024 |
| Salehuddin Ahmed | 22 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Shipping | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 22 August 2024 |
| M Sakhawat Hussain | 22 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Social Welfare | Sharmeen Murshid | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
| Ministry of Textiles and Jute | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| M Sakhawat Hussain | 16 August 2024 | 10 November 2024 | |
| Sheikh Bashir Uddin | 10 November 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Water Resources | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 16 August 2024 |
| Rizwana Hasan | 16 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Women and Children Affairs | Muhammad Yunus | 8 August 2024 | 22 August 2024 |
| Sharmeen Murshid | 22 August 2024 | Currently in Office | |
| Ministry of Youth and Sports | Asif Mahmud | 8 August 2024 | Currently in Office |
Reform commissions
editThe Yunus ministry formed eleven reform commissions to reform perceived important areas of the government. The Head of Commission will have a status of a Justice of Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[55]
The details of the head of commission and members are as follows.[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]
| Name | Position | Career Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Public Administration Reform Commission | ||
| Abdul Muyeed Chowdhury | Head of Commission | Chairman, Biman Bangladesh Airlines
Former Adviser of Latifur Rahman caretaker government |
| Muhammad Tarek | Member | Former Secretary |
| Muhammad Aiyub Mia | Member | Former Secretary |
| Muhammad Mokhles Ur Rahman | Member | Senior Secretary, Ministry of Public Administration |
| Muhammad Hafizur Rahman | Member | Former Additional Secretary |
| Rezwan Khayer | Member | Former Additional Secretary |
| A. K. A. Firowz Ahmad | Member | Former Chairman, Department of Public Administration, University of Dhaka |
| Anti Corruption Commission Reform Commission | ||
| Iftekharuzzaman | Head of Commission | Executive Director, Transparency International Bangladesh |
| Masud Ahmed | Member | Former Comptroller and Auditor General of Bangladesh |
| Mobasser Monem | Member | Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Dhaka |
| Mushtaq Khan | Member | Professor, Department of Economics, SOAS University of London |
| Mahdin Chowdhury | Member | Bar-at-Law |
| Mahbubur Rahman | Member | Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka |
| Farzana Sharmin | Member | Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| Justice Division Reform Commission | ||
| Shah Abu Nayeem Mominur Rahman | Head of Commission | Former Justice, Appellate Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| Emdadul Haq | Member | Retired Justice, High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh
Former District and Sessions Judge |
| Farid Ahmed Shibli | Member | Justice, High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh
Former District and Sessions Judge |
| Sayed Aminul Islam | Member | Former District and Sessions Judge
Former Registrar, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| Masdar Hossain | Member | Former District and Sessions Judge
Plaintiff in the case of Masdar Hossain v. State |
| Tanim Hossain Shawon | Member | Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| Kazi Mahfuzul Haq Shupon | Member | Associate Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka |
| Police Reform Commission | ||
| Sofor Raj Hossain | Head of Commission | Former Secretary |
| Abu Momtaz Saad Uddin Ahmed | Member | Additional Secretary, Public Security Division, Ministry of Home Affairs |
| Muhammad Iqbal | Member | Former Additional Secretary
Former Director General, Department of Narcotics Control |
| Muhammad Harun Chowdhury | Member | Former Divisional Commissioner and Joint Secretary |
| Sheikh Sazzad Ali | Member | Former Additional Inspector General of Bangladesh Police |
| Md. Golam Rosul | Member | Deputy Inspector General of Bangladesh Police |
| Shanaz Huda | Member | Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka |
| A. S. M. Nasiruddin Alam | Member | Human rights activist |
| Electoral System Reform Commission | ||
| Badiul Alam Majumdar | Head of Commission | Editor, Shushashoner Jonno Nagorik
Election and Local Government Expert |
| Tofayel Ahmed | Member | Educator
Local Government and Election Expert |
| Jesmin Tuli | Member | Former Additional Secretary, Bangladesh Election Commission
Electoral System, Voter Registration and National Identity Card Expert |
| Md. Abdul Alam | Member | Election Expert |
| Zahed Ur Rahman | Member | Political Expert and Opinion Maker |
| Mir Nadia Nivin | Member | Governance and Institutional Reform Expert |
| Muhammed Sadek Ferdous | Member | Electronic Voting and Blockchain Expert |
| Constitution Reform Commission | ||
| Ali Riaz | Head of Commission | Political scientist and writer |
| Sumaiya Khair | Member | Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka |
| Imran Siddique | Member | Bar-at-Law |
| Muhammad Ekramul Haque | Member | Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka |
| Sharif Bhuiyan | Member | Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| M Moin Alam Firozi | Member | Bar-at-Law |
| Firoz Ahmed | Member | writer |
| Md. Mostain Billah | Member | writer and Human rights activist |
| Mahfuz Alam | Member | Student Representative |
| Labor Reform Commission | ||
| Syed Sultan Uddin Ahmed | Head of Commission | Executive Director, Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies (BILS) |
| Mahfuzul Haq | Member | Former Secretary of Ministry of Labour and Employment and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |
| Zakir Hossain | Member | Professor, Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi |
| Tapan Dutta | Member | President, Chattogram Divisional Committee, Bangladesh Trade Union Centre |
| A K M Nasir | Member | Advocate and Former President of Bangladesh Labour Court Bar Association |
| M Kamran T Rahman | Member | Former President of Bangladesh Employers' Federation |
| Women Affairs Reform Commission | ||
| Shirin Parvin Haque | Head of Commission | Founding Member, Naripokkho |
| Maheen Sultan | Member | Senior Fellow, BRAC Institute of Governance and Development |
| Sara Hossain | Member | Honorary Executive Director, Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust |
| Fawzia Karim Firoze | Member | Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh and President, Foundation for Law & Development (FLAD) |
| Kalpona Akter | Member | President, Bangladesh Garment and Industrial Workers Federation |
| Halida Hanum Akhter | Member | Women Health Expert |
| Sumaiya Islam | Member | Executive Director, Bangladesh Nari Sramik Kendra |
| Nirupa Dewan | Member | Former Member, National Human Rights Commission |
| Ferdousi Sultana | Member | Former Senior Social Development Adviser, Asian Development Bank |
| Nishita Jaman Niha | Member | Student Representative |
| Local Government Reform Commission | ||
| Tofail Ahmed | Head of Commission | Former Charman, Department of Public Administration, University of Chittagong |
| A M M Nasir Uddin | Member | Former Secretary |
| Abdur Rahman | Member | Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| Mahfuz Kabir | Member | Director, BISS |
| Masuda Khan Shefali | Member | Executive Director, Nari Uddug Kendra |
| Md Tarikul Islam | Member | Professor, Department of Government and Politics, Jahangirnagar University |
| Student Representative | Member | N/A |
| Mass Media Reform Commission | ||
| Kamal Ahmed | Head of Commission | Journalist |
| Gitiara Nasreen | Member | Professor, Department of Mass Communication and Journalism, University of Dhaka |
| Samsul Haque Jahid | Member | Editor, The Financial Express and Representative, Editor's Council |
| Aktar Hossain Khan | Member | Secretary, Newspaper Owners' Association of Bangladesh (NOAB) |
| N/A | Member | Representative, Association of Television Channel Owners (ATCO) |
| Sayed Abdal Ahmed | Member | Former General Secretary of National Press Club |
| Fahim Ahmed | Member | Chief Executive Officer, Jamuna Television and Trustee, Broadcast Journalist Center |
| Jimi Amir | Member | Journalist and Convenor, Media Support Network |
| Mustafa Sabuj | Member | Bogra District Representative, The Daily Star |
| Titu Dautta Gupta | Member | Deputy Editor, The Business Standard |
| Abdullah Al Mamun | Member | Student Representative |
| Health Sector Reform Commission | ||
| A K Azad Khan | Head of Commission | President, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh |
| Mohammad Zakir Hossain | Member | Professor, Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) |
| Liaquat Ali | Member | Chairman, Pothikrit Foundation |
| Saiba Aktar | Member | Gynecologist |
| Naila Zaman Khan | Member | Professor, Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Dhaka Shishu Hospital |
| M M Reza | Member | Former Secretary |
| Mojaherul Haque | Member | Former Regional Adviser, South East Asia Region, World Heath Organization |
| Ajharul Islam | Member | ICDDR,B |
| Syed Md Akram Hussain | Member | Senior Consultant Clinical Oncology & Radiotherapy, Square Cancer Centre, Square Hospital |
| Syed Atikul Haque | Member | Chief Consultant, Green Life Center for Rheumatic Care and Research |
| Ahmed Ehsanur Rahman | Member | Scientist, Department of Child and Maternal Health, ICDDR,B |
| Umayer Afif | Member | Student Representative |
Councils, committees, and commissions
editThe Interim government led by Muhammad Yunus formed several new councils, committees, and commissions, and reformed existing ones to manage various areas of the government. The councils, committees, and commissions consist of Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus, several advisers and government officials. The details about the committees are as follows.[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87]
Commission for Inquiry of Enforced Disappearances
editThe government creates a ddedicated commission to investigate enforced disappearances.[88][89] Unlike the reform commissions this commission is an investigation commission.
| Name | Position | Career |
|---|---|---|
| Moinul Islam Chowdhury | President | Retired Justice of High Court Division |
| Farid Ahmed Shibli | Member | Retired Additional Justice of High Court Division |
| Nur Khan | Member | Human rights activist |
| Nabila Idris | Member | Teacher, Brac University |
| Sazzad Hossain | Member | Human rights activist |
Election Commission
editThe Yunus Ministry made a new Election Commission to conduct a snap election. The commission includes 1 Chief Election Commissioner and 4 Election Commissioner. The details are as follows:[47][48][49][50]
| Name | Position | Date of Appoinement | Date of Termination | Career Highlights |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMM Nasir Uddin | Chief Election Commissioner | 21 November 2024 | Currently in Office | Former Secretary |
| Md Anwarul Islam Sarker | Election Commissioner | 21 November 2024 | Currently in Office | Former Additional Secretary |
| Abdur Rahmanel Masud | Election Commissioner | 21 November 2024 | Currently in Office | Former District and Sessions Judge |
| Begum Tahmida Ahmed | Election Commissioner | 21 November 2024 | Currently in Office | Former Joint Secretary |
| Abul Fazal Md Sanaullah | Election Commissioner | 21 November 2024 | Currently in Office | Former Brigadier General of Bangladesh Army |
Constitutional legality
edit
In spite of the existence of interim administrations in the 1975–78 (Sayem ministry) and 1990–91 (Shahabuddin Ahmed ministry) periods of Bangladeshi political history, there were significant concerns regarding the legality of an interim government, considering that the Constitution of Bangladesh does not allow for it to exist. The Constitution also forbids ouster clauses, following the doctrine of basic constitutional structure.
The only form of interim government that has been constitutional in the past under the country's law was the CtG system introduced in 1996 through the 13th Amendment but this was overturned by the Awami League regime in 2011 through the 15th Amendment, which repealed the former.[90] With the Awami League President and former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigning and fleeing the country amid protests,[91][92] this creates an impossible situation for the Bangladeshi legal system because it can no longer account for transfers of power. That being said, the Appellate Division of the Bangladeshi Supreme Court has acknowledged the necessity of the Yunus government and ruled in favour of what essentially amounts to the wording of the 13th Amendment prior to its suspension: “The Appellate Division opined that in accordance with Article 106 of the Constitution, an interim government can be formed with a chief advisor and a few other advisors in the absence of parliament” as per Chief Justice Obaidul Hassan.[93] Hassan himself a staunch supporter of the ousted Awami League, has since resigned as Chief Justice.[94]
Hence, despite the lack of constitutional legality for an interim government, due to extremely broad popular support and the need to ensure that a military junta takeover like in 1975 is prevented, Yunus was sworn in on the night of August 8, 2024.[95][96] Yunus' government enjoys broad international support and is seen as legitimate by the international community, with many heads of state and Ministers of Foreign Affairs of other nations having congratulated Yunus upon having been sworn in as the new Chief Adviser of the interim government of Bangladesh.[97][98][99]
Reactions
editInternal
edit- The nomination of Yunus, who accepted an offer to advise the interim government, has been supported by key figures in the student movement.[100][101] Anti-discrimination student movement coordinator Nahid Islam (who later became an adviser to the interim government) said on 6 August 2024,[102]
We have decided that an interim government would be formed, in which internationally renowned Nobel laureate Dr. Muhammad Yunus, who has wide acceptability, would be the chief adviser.
- Former Member of Parliament and business leader A.K. Azad said in his response,
The government that has been formed under the leadership of Dr. Muhammad Yunus has support from us businessmen. We hope that the broken law and order situation will be restored as soon as possible. All those students and public who were killed will be done justice through a special investigation committee and a special court of law.[b]
- Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Inu) president Hasanul Haq Inu and general secretary Shirin Akhtar said in a statement:
As the primary and main task of the interim government, effective steps must be taken in restoring normalcy and peace in public life by ensuring the safety of life and property of the people through the reestablishment of law and order in the country without delay. Following the taking of office of the interim government, it should be ensured that there not be a single incident of loss of life, attack or destruction of property in the country.[c]
- Joint General Secretary of the Awami League Mahbubul Alam Hanif has congratulated the interim government, which has taken the oath of office after the ouster of the government led by the party, through a Facebook post.[105] He also urged the government to take strict measures to stop killings, looting and arson attacks across the country.
International
editGovernments
edit- Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada Mélanie Joly welcomed the inauguration of the interim government in Bangladesh led by Dr. Yunus.[106]
- Lin Jian, spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China said, "China has noted the establishment of an interim government of Bangladesh and welcomes this".[107]
- Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi congratulated Yunus after he was sworn in as a chief of the interim government. Modi said, "We hope for an early return to normalcy, ensuring the safety and protection of Hindus and all other minority communities".[108] Leader of Opposition of India Rahul Gandhi & Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee also congratulated Yunus on being sworn in as the head of Bangladesh's interim government.[109]
- A spokesperson for the South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed hope to strengthen Bangladesh–South Korea relations with the interim government.[110]
- Japanese ambassador to Bangladesh congratulated and extended their full support.[111]
- Prime Minister of Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim congratulated Yunus on his appointment as Chief Adviser of the interim government of Bangladesh.[112]
- President of Maldives Mohamed Muizzu congratulated Yunus on his appointment as the Chief Adviser of the interim government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.[113]
- President of Sri Lanka Ranil Wickremesinghe congratulates Yunus and his interim Government of Bangladesh.[114]
- The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs welcomed the interim government of Dr. Yunus.[115] Prime Minister Dick Schoof also congratulated Dr. Yunus, stating, "Our countries enjoy long-standing and cordial ties. I look forward to supporting your interim government and further deepening our cooperation."[116]
- Prime Minister of Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif wished Yunus great success in guiding Bangladesh towards a harmonious and prosperous future. He looks forward to working with him to deepen cooperation between Pakistan and Bangladesh.[117] Many leaders of Opposition Party Pakistan Tehreek E Insaf(PTI) also congratulates Interim Government of Bangladesh.
- President of Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan congratulated Yunus.[118] Erdoğan described Yunus as "a friend of Islam and Turkey", adding that "Turkey will continue to provide support in this turbulent time".[119]
- Spokesperson for the United States Department of State Matthew Miller told reporters: "We welcome Dr. Yunus's call for an end to the recent violence and we stand ready to work with the interim government and Dr. Yunus as it charts a democratic future for the people of Bangladesh."[120]
- President of France Emmanuel Macron congratulated Dr Yunus & extended full support.[121]
- Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Keir Starmer welcomed the Interim Government of the Bangladesh and pledged support.[122]
Organizations
edit- High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell said, "The EU looks forward to engaging with the new administration and to supporting this critical transition which should be part of a peaceful and inclusive process underpinned by good governance, democratic values and respect for human rights".[123]
- An alliance of 255 revolutionary groups and civil society organizations in Myanmar published an open letter congratulating the establishment of the interim government and appealed to Yunus to collaborate with and support the National Unity Government of Myanmar against the State Administration Council.[124][125]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ [51][6][7][8][10][11][14][17][27][28][31][32][35][18][19][20][22][23][24][21]
- ^ ড. মুহাম্মদ ইউনূসের নেতৃত্বে যে সরকার গঠিত হয়েছে তাতে আমাদের ব্যবসায়ীদের সমর্থন রয়েছে। আমরা আশা করব ভেঙে পড়া আইনশৃঙ্খলা পরিস্থিতি দ্রুত সময়ের মধ্যে ফিরিয়ে আনা হবে। যে সকল ছাত্র-জনতাকে হত্যা করা হয়েছে বিশেষ তদন্ত কমিটি ও বিশেষ আদালতের মাধ্যমে তার বিচারের ব্যবস্থা করবে।[103]
- ^ অন্তর্বর্তীকালীন সরকারের প্রাথমিক ও প্রধান কাজ হিসাবে অনতিবিলম্বে দেশে আইনশৃঙ্খলা পুনঃপ্রতিষ্ঠা করার মধ্য দিয়ে জনগণের জানমালের নিরাপত্তা নিশ্চিত করে জনজীবনে স্বাভাবিকতা ও শান্তি ফিরিয়ে আনতে কার্যকর পদক্ষেপ গ্রহণ করতে হবে। অন্তর্বর্তীকালীন সরকার দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করার পর দেশে আর একটিও প্রাণহানি, হামলা ও সম্পদ ধ্বংসের ঘটনা যেন না ঘটে তা নিশ্চিত হবে।[104]
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- ^ "Japanese envoy meets Chief Adviser". The Financial Express. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
- ^ @anwaribrahim (9 August 2024). "I extend my heartiest congratulations to Nobel Laureate Dr Muhammad Yunus on his appointment as Chief Adviser of the interim government of Bangladesh. His vast experience promises to guide the nation with wisdom and integrity" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ @MMuizzu (8 August 2024). "Warm Congratulations to Dr. Muhammad Yunus on his appointment as the Chief Adviser of the interim government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Sri Lanka president congratulates Yunus". The Daily Star. 15 August 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
- ^ @DutchMFA (9 August 2024). "The Netherlands stands with the people of #Bangladesh on their road to a democratic future and welcomes the interim government of dr. Yunus. We deeply value our bilateral relationship and look forward to further cooperation in line with democratic principles and human rights" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Chief Adviser GOB". Facebook. 17 August 2024.
- ^ @CMShehbaz (9 August 2024). "Heartiest felicitations to Professor Muhammad Yunus on his swearing-in as Chief Adviser of the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Wishing him great success in guiding Bangladesh towards a harmonious and prosperous future. I look forward to working with him to deepen cooperation between Pakistan and Bangladesh in the days ahead. @Yunus_Centre" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Yunus says will head Bangladesh interim govt for snap elections". Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
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- ^ "Bangladesh: congratulated YunusStatement by the High Representative on the new interim government". www.eeas.europa.eu. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
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