An interim government led by Muhammad Yunus was formed on 8 August 2024 in Bangladesh, following the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on 5 August 2024 amid nationwide student and public protests against the government. Following the dissolution of the 12th Jatiya Sangsad on 6 August 2024, the interim cabinet will remain in office until a new Prime Minister is appointed after a snap general election. The government, like the previous non-caretaker government interim administrations (in 1975 and 1990), is extra-constitutional. However, the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh affirmed the legality of the stopgap government on 9 August 2024, citing the urgent need to manage state affairs and address the constitutional vacuum,[1][2][3] similar to previous cases. The main pledge of his ministry is organize a constituent assembly to draft and adopt a new, democratic and inclusive constitution, ensuring the inviolability of human dignity.[4]
Yunus ministry | |
|---|---|
 Interim government of Bangladesh | |
| 8 August 2024 – present | |
.jpg) Muhammad Yunus | |
| Date formed | 8 August 2024 |
| People and organisations | |
| President | Mohammed Shahabuddin |
| Chief Adviser | Muhammad Yunus |
| Total no. of members | 26 |
| Member party | Independent |
| Status in legislature | Dissolved |
| History | |
| Election | - |
| Outgoing election | TBA |
| Predecessor | Hasina V |
President Mohammed Shahabuddin administered the oath of office to Yunus and his council of advisers at Bangabhaban on 8 August 2024.[5] The cabinet currently consists of 1 Chief Adviser, 19 Advisers and 6 Special Positions Under the Chief Adviser. The Jamuna State Guest House is serving as the official residence of the Chief Adviser.[5]
Background
editOn 5 August 2024, Bangladesh's longtime Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigned and fled to India following the non-cooperation movement. It was a pro-democratic disinvestment movement and mass uprising, of which, the sole demand was the resignation of Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet, initiated within the framework of the month-long quota reform movement resulting in mass killings. Both of the movements were parts of a wider movement known as the Student–People's uprising or the July Revolution. Soon after, the Chief of Army Staff Gen. Waker-uz-Zaman and President Mohammed Shahabuddin announced the formation of an interim government. The president immediately started the process of meeting with political leaders from around the country to discuss the formation of an interim government. The president also dissolved the parliament on 6 August 2024. Anti-discrimination Students Movement, the principal organisation that led the movement, proposed the name of Dr. Muhammad Yunus for the head of government. Yunus, then residing in Paris, agreed to hold the position. The formation of the interim government was finalised on 7 August 2024.
Formation
edit8 August 2024
edit
- Dr. Muhammad Yunus was appointed by the President Mohammed Shahabuddin as the Chief Adviser to the interim government of Bangladesh.[6]
- 16 persons were also appointed as other advisers to the interim government by the President:[7]
- Salehuddin Ahmed
- Dr. Asif Nazrul
- Adilur Rahman Khan
- Hassan Ariff
- Md. Touhid Hossain
- Syeda Rizwana Hasan
- Sharmeen S Murshid
- Faruk-e-Azam
- Brigadier General (Retired) M Sakhawat Hossain
- Supradip Chakma
- Bidhan Ranjan Roy
- Dr. A F M Khalid Hossain
- Farida Akhter
- Nurjahan Begum
- Md Nahid Islam
- Asif Mahmud Shojib Bhuiyan
- Yunus was sworn in by the President at the Bangabhaban.[8] Along with him, 13 of the 16 appointed advisers also took the oath, also administered by the President. It was announced that the remaining three advisers—Supradip Chakma, Bidhan Ranjan Roy, and Faruk E Azam—would take their oaths at a later time.[9] The oath ceremony was attended by national and international guests, including several ambassadors and the chiefs of the armed forces of Bangladesh—the Chief of Army Staff, the Chief of Naval Staff, and the Chief of Air Staff. Senior political figures from various political parties (except the Awami League) were also present, alongside many other distinguished guests.[10]
9 August 2024
edit
- The distribution of ministries and divisions was disclosed to the public. A total of 27 ministries and divisions were assigned to Chief Adviser Dr. Muhammad Yunus. One ministry was assigned to each of the other 13 advisers.[11]
11 August 2024
edit
- Supradip Chakma and Bidhan Ranjan Roy were sworn as advisers by the President.[12][13]
- Following their appointment, a redistribution of ministries and divisions was carried out between Yunus, Chakma and Roy. One ministry was allocated to each of the two advisers, resulting in 25 ministries and divisions being managed by the Chief Adviser.[14]
13 August 2024
edit
- Faruk E Azam, was sworn in as adviser.[15][16]
- Following his appointment, a redistribution of ministries and divisions was carried out between Yunus and Azam. Azam was assigned a ministry, resulting in 24 ministries and divisions being managed by the Chief Adviser.[17]
- Shafiqul Alam, a seasoned journalist and Bangladesh Bureau Chief of Agence France-Presse (AFP) was appointed as Press Secretary to the Chief Adviser with status of a Secretary.[18][19][20][21]
14 August 2024
edit- Lamiya Morshed, executive director of Yunus Centre and Grameen Healthcare Trust, was appointed as Principal Coordinator for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Affairs with the status of a Senior Secretary.[22][23][24][21]
16 August 2024
edit
- Additional four Advisers—Wahiduddin Mahmud, Ali Imam Majumder, Muhammad Fouzul Kabir Khan, and Lieutenant General (Retired) Jahangir Alam Chowdhury—were appointed by President Mohammed Sahabuddin and were sworn in on the same day.[25][26]
- Following their appointment, a redistribution of ministries and divisions was carried out between the Chief Adviser and all the Advisers. A total of 10 ministries and divisions were taken charge of by the Chief Adviser. Responsibilities for one ministry each were assigned to many of the other advisers, while some advisers were assigned multiple ministries.[27]
- Ali Imam Majumder was appointed as Special Assistant to the Chief Adviser, a role equivalent to an adviser. In the official document, his role is described as being "Attached to the Office of the Chief Adviser".[27]
22 August 2024
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- Lieutenant General (Retired) Abdul Hafiz was appointed as Special Assistant to Chief Adviser on Defense and National Integration, a role equivalent to an adviser.[28][29][30]
27 August 2024
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- A redistribution of ministries and divisions was carried out between Chief Adviser and four other advisers, resulting in 6 ministries and divisions being managed by the Chief Adviser.[31]
28 August 2024
edit- Mahfuz Alam, a Liaison Committee Coordinator of Anti-discrimination Students Movement was appointed as Special Assistant to Chief Adviser with the status of a secretary.[32][33][34]
4 September 2024
edit
- Lutfey Siddiqui was appointed as Chief Adviser's Envoy on International Affairs, a role equivalent to an adviser.[35][36]
Members
editThe following is the list of members of the interim government:[a]
Ministry and adviser distribution
editReform commissions
editThe Yunus ministry formed six reform commissions to reform six important areas of the government. The Commission Heads will have a status of a Justice of Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[38]
The details of the commission heads and members are as follows.[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]
| Name | Position | Career Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Public Administration Reform Commission | ||
| Abdul Muyeed Chowdhury | Head Commission | Chairman, Biman Bangladesh Airlines
Former Adviser of Latifur Rahman caretaker government |
| Muhammad Tarek | Member | Former Secretary |
| Muhammad Aiyub Mia | Member | Former Secretary |
| Muhammad Mokhles Ur Rahman | Member | Senior Secretary, Ministry of Public Administration |
| Muhammad Hafizur Rahman | Member | Former Additional Secretary |
| Rezwan Khayer | Member | Former Additional Secretary |
| A. K. A. Firowz Ahmad | Member | Former Chairman, Department of Public Administration, University of Dhaka |
| Anti Corruption Commission Reform Commission | ||
| Iftekharuzzaman | Head Commission | Executive Director, Transparency International Bangladesh |
| Masud Ahmed | Member | Former Comptroller and Auditor General of Bangladesh |
| Mobasser Monem | Member | Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Dhaka |
| Mushtaq Khan | Member | Professor, Department of Economics, SOAS University of London |
| Mahdin Chowdhury | Member | Bar-at-Law |
| Mahbubur Rahman | Member | Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka |
| Farzana Sharmin | Member | Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| Justice Division Reform Commission | ||
| Shah Abu Nayeem Mominur Rahman | Head Commission | Former Justice, Appellate Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| Emdadul Haq | Member | Retired Justice, High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh
Former District and Sessions Judge |
| Farid Ahmed Shibli | Member | Justice, High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh
Former District and Sessions Judge |
| Sayed Aminul Islam | Member | Former District and Sessions Judge
Former Registrar, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| Masdar Hossain | Member | Former District and Sessions Judge
Plaintiff in the case of Masdar Hossain v. State |
| Tanim Hossain Shawon | Member | Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| Kazi Mahfuzul Haq Shupon | Member | Associate Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka |
| Police Reform Commission | ||
| Sofor Raj Hossain | Head Commission | Former Secretary |
| Abu Momtaz Saad Uddin Ahmed | Member | Additional Secretary, Public Security Division, Ministry of Home Affairs |
| Muhammad Iqbal | Member | Former Additional Secretary
Former Director General, Department of Narcotics Control |
| Muhammad Harun Chowdhury | Member | Former Divisional Commissioner and Joint Secretary |
| Sheikh Sazzad Ali | Member | Former Additional Inspector General of Police |
| Md Golam Rosul | Member | Deputy Inspector General of Police |
| Shanaz Huda | Member | Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka |
| A. S. M. Nasiruddin Alam | Member | Human Rights Activist |
| Electoral System Reform Commission | ||
| Badiul Alam Majumdar | Head Commission | Editor, Shushashoner Jonno Nagorik
Election and Local Government Expert |
| Tofayel Ahmed | Member | Educator
Local Government and Election Expert |
| Jesmin Tuli | Member | Former Additional Secretary, Election Commission
Electoral System, Voter Registration and National Identity Card Expert |
| Md Abdul Alam | Member | Election Expert |
| Zahed Ur Rahman | Member | Political Expert and Opinion Maker |
| Mir Nadia Nivin | Member | Governance and Institutional Reform Expert |
| Muhammed Sadek Ferdous | Member | Electronic Voting and Blockchain Expert |
| Constitution Reform Commission | ||
| Ali Riaz | Head Commission | Political Scientist and Writer |
| Sumaiya Khair | Member | Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka |
| Imran Siddique | Member | Bar-at-Law |
| Muhammad Ekramul Haque | Member | Professor, Department of Law, University of Dhaka |
| Sharif Bhuiyan | Member | Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh |
| M Moin Alam Firozi | Member | Bar-at-Law |
| Firoz Ahmed | Member | Writer |
| Md Mostain Billah | Member | Writer and Human Rights Activist |
| Mahfuz Alam | Member | Student Representative |
Councils and committees
editThe Interim Government led by Muhammad Yunus formed several councils and committees to deal with several areas of the government. The committees consist of Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus and several advisers and government officials. The details about the committees are as follows.[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]
Constitutional legality
edit
In spite of the existence of interim administrations in the 1975–78 (Sayem ministry) and 1990–91 (Shahabuddin Ahmed ministry) periods of Bangladeshi political history, there were significant concerns regarding the legality of an interim government, considering that the Constitution of Bangladesh does not allow for it to exist. The Constitution also forbids ouster clauses, following the doctrine of basic constitutional structure.
The only form of interim government that has been constitutional in the past under the country's law was the CtG system introduced in 1996 through the 13th Amendment but this was overturned by the Awami League regime in 2011 through the 15th Amendment, which repealed the former.[63] With the Awami League President and former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resigning and fleeing the country amid protests,[64][65] this creates an impossible situation for the Bangladeshi legal system because it can no longer account for transfers of power. That being said, the Appellate Division of the Bangladeshi Supreme Court has acknowledged the necessity of the Yunus government and ruled in favour of what essentially amounts to the wording of the 13th Amendment prior to its suspension: “The Appellate Division opined that in accordance with Article 106 of the Constitution, an interim government can be formed with a chief advisor and a few other advisors in the absence of parliament” as per Chief Justice Obaidul Hassan.[66] Hassan himself a staunch supporter of the ousted Awami League, has since resigned as Chief Justice.[67]
Hence, despite the lack of constitutional legality for an interim government, due to extremely broad popular support and the need to ensure that a military junta takeover like in 1975 is prevented, Yunus was sworn in on the night of August 8, 2024.[68][69] Yunus' government enjoys broad international support and is seen as legitimate by the international community, with many heads of state and Ministers of Foreign Affairs of other nations having congratulated Yunus upon having been sworn in as the new Chief Adviser of the interim government of Bangladesh.[70][71][72]
Reactions
editInternal
edit- The nomination of Yunus, who accepted an offer to advise the interim government, has been supported by key figures in the student movement.[73][74] Anti-discrimination student movement coordinator Nahid Islam (who later became an adviser to the interim government) said on 6 August 2024,[75]
We have decided that an interim government would be formed, in which internationally renowned Nobel laureate Dr. Muhammad Yunus, who has wide acceptability, would be the chief adviser.
- Former Member of Parliament and business leader A.K. Azad said in his response,
The government that has been formed under the leadership of Dr. Muhammad Yunus has support from us businessmen. We hope that the broken law and order situation will be restored as soon as possible. All those students and public who were killed will be done justice through a special investigation committee and a special court of law.[b]
- Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Inu) president Hasanul Haq Inu and general secretary Shirin Akhtar said in a statement:
As the primary and main task of the interim government, effective steps must be taken in restoring normalcy and peace in public life by ensuring the safety of life and property of the people through the reestablishment of law and order in the country without delay. Following the taking of office of the interim government, it should be ensured that there not be a single incident of loss of life, attack or destruction of property in the country.[c]
- Joint General Secretary of the Awami League Mahbubul Alam Hanif has congratulated the interim government, which has taken the oath of office after the ouster of the government led by the party, through a Facebook post.[78] He also urged the government to take strict measures to stop killings, looting and arson attacks across the country.
International
editGovernments
edit- Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada Mélanie Joly welcomed the inauguration of the interim government in Bangladesh led by Dr. Yunus.[79]
- Lin Jian, spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China said, "China has noted the establishment of an interim government of Bangladesh and welcomes this".[80]
- Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi congratulated Yunus after he was sworn in as a chief of the interim government. Modi said, "We hope for an early return to normalcy, ensuring the safety and protection of Hindus and all other minority communities".[81] Leader of Opposition of India Rahul Gandhi & Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee also congratulated Yunus on being sworn in as the head of Bangladesh's interim government.[82]
- A spokesperson for the South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed hope to strengthen Bangladesh–South Korea relations with the interim government.[83]
- Japanese ambassador to Bangladesh congratulated and extended their full support.[84]
- Prime Minister of Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim congratulated Yunus on his appointment as Chief Adviser of the interim government of Bangladesh.[85]
- President of Maldives Mohamed Muizzu congratulated Yunus on his appointment as the Chief Adviser of the interim government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.[86]
- President of Sri Lanka Ranil Wickremesinghe congratulates Yunus and his interim Government of Bangladesh.[87]
- The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs welcomed the interim government of Dr. Yunus.[88] Prime Minister Dick Schoof also congratulated Dr. Yunus, stating, "Our countries enjoy long-standing and cordial ties. I look forward to supporting your interim government and further deepening our cooperation."[89]
- Prime Minister of Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif wished Yunus great success in guiding Bangladesh towards a harmonious and prosperous future. He looks forward to working with him to deepen cooperation between Pakistan and Bangladesh.[90] Many leaders of Opposition Party Pakistan Tehreek E Insaf(PTI) also congratulates Interim Government of Bangladesh.
- President of Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan congratulated Yunus.[91] Erdoğan described Yunus as "a friend of Islam and Turkey", adding that "Turkey will continue to provide support in this turbulent time".[92]
- Spokesperson for the United States Department of State Matthew Miller told reporters: "We welcome Dr. Yunus's call for an end to the recent violence and we stand ready to work with the interim government and Dr. Yunus as it charts a democratic future for the people of Bangladesh."[93]
- President of France Emmanuel Macron congratulated Dr Yunus & extended full support.[94]
- Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Keir Starmer welcomed the Interim Government of the Bangladesh and pledged support.[95]
Organizations
edit- High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell said, "The EU looks forward to engaging with the new administration and to supporting this critical transition which should be part of a peaceful and inclusive process underpinned by good governance, democratic values and respect for human rights".[96]
- An alliance of 255 revolutionary groups and civil society organizations in Myanmar published an open letter congratulating the establishment of the interim government and appealed to Yunus to collaborate with and support the National Unity Government of Myanmar against the State Administration Council.[97][98]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ [37][6][7][8][10][11][14][17][27][28][31][32][35][18][19][20][22][23][24][21]
- ^ ড. মুহাম্মদ ইউনূসের নেতৃত্বে যে সরকার গঠিত হয়েছে তাতে আমাদের ব্যবসায়ীদের সমর্থন রয়েছে। আমরা আশা করব ভেঙে পড়া আইনশৃঙ্খলা পরিস্থিতি দ্রুত সময়ের মধ্যে ফিরিয়ে আনা হবে। যে সকল ছাত্র-জনতাকে হত্যা করা হয়েছে বিশেষ তদন্ত কমিটি ও বিশেষ আদালতের মাধ্যমে তার বিচারের ব্যবস্থা করবে।[76]
- ^ অন্তর্বর্তীকালীন সরকারের প্রাথমিক ও প্রধান কাজ হিসাবে অনতিবিলম্বে দেশে আইনশৃঙ্খলা পুনঃপ্রতিষ্ঠা করার মধ্য দিয়ে জনগণের জানমালের নিরাপত্তা নিশ্চিত করে জনজীবনে স্বাভাবিকতা ও শান্তি ফিরিয়ে আনতে কার্যকর পদক্ষেপ গ্রহণ করতে হবে। অন্তর্বর্তীকালীন সরকার দায়িত্ব গ্রহণ করার পর দেশে আর একটিও প্রাণহানি, হামলা ও সম্পদ ধ্বংসের ঘটনা যেন না ঘটে তা নিশ্চিত হবে।[77]
References
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- ^ Shaikh, Emran Hossain (7 August 2024). "Interim govt: What the law says". Dhaka Tribune.
- ^ "Interim government headed by Yunus is legal, says Supreme Court". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ^ "Constituent assembly to be convened for charter reform: Nahid". Archived from the original on 24 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Yunus to stay at State Guest House Jamuna after taking oath". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 8 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Appointment of Dr. Muhammad Yunus as Chief Adviser to the Interim Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh" (PDF). Cabinet Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Bengali). 8 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Appointment of 16 Persons as Advisers to the Interim Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh" (PDF). Cabinet Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Bengali). 8 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Muhammad Yunus takes oath as head of Bangladesh's interim government". Al Jazeera. 8 August 2024.
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- ^ a b "Shafiqul Alam appointed chief adviser's press secretary". The Business Standard. 13 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Shafiqul Alam made CA's press secretary". The Financial Express. 15 August 2024.
- ^ a b c "List of Officers (Not in order of seniority)". Chief Adviser's Office, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
- ^ a b "Lamiya Morshed appointed principal coordinator for SDGs at chief adviser's office". The Business Standard. 14 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Lamiya Morshed appointed Principal Coordinator for SDGs at Chief Adviser's office". unb.com.bd. 14 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Lamiya Morshed named SDG principal coordinator at CA's Office". businesspostbd.com. 15 August 2024.
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- ^ a b "Appointment of Special Assistant to Hon'ble Chief Adviser" (PDF). Cabinet Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Bengali). 22 August 2024.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Govt finalises 5 of 6 reform commissions". The Daily Star. 4 October 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "দুর্নীতি দমন কমিশন সংস্কার কমিশন গঠন সংক্রান্ত প্রজ্ঞাপন" (PDF). Cabinet Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Bengali). 3 October 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "বিচার বিভাগ সংস্কার কমিশন গঠন সংক্রান্ত প্রজ্ঞাপন" (PDF). Cabinet Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Bengali). 3 October 2024.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "পুলিশ সংস্কার কমিশন গঠন সংক্রান্ত প্রজ্ঞাপন" (PDF). Cabinet Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Bengali). 3 October 2024.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "নির্বাচন ব্যবস্থা সংস্কার কমিশন গঠন সংক্রান্ত প্রজ্ঞাপন" (PDF). Cabinet Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Bengali). 3 October 2024.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "সংবিধান সংস্কার কমিশন গঠন সংক্রান্ত প্রজ্ঞাপন" (PDF). Cabinet Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Bengali). 6 October 2024.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "জাতীয় অর্থনৈতিক পরিষদের নির্বাহী কমিটি (একনেক) গঠন" (PDF). Cabinet Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Bengali). 20 August 2024.
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