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Invertebrate iridescent virus 31

Iridovirus armadillidium1, known formerly as Invertebrate iridescent virus 31 (IIV-31) and informally as isopod iridovirus, is a species of invertebrate iridescent virus in the genus Iridovirus.[2] Oniscidea (commonly known by a variety of names including woodlouse, pillbug, slater, roly-poly, potato bug, et al.) serve as hosts. Infection is associated with decreased responsiveness in the host, increased mortality and the emergence of an iridescent blue or bluish-purple colour due to the reflection of light off a paracrystalline arrangement of virions within the tissues.[3]

Iridovirus armadillidium1
Porcellio scaber symptomatic of Invertebrate iridescent virus 31 (L) and individual with typical colouration (R)
Armadillidium vulgare symptomatic of Invertebrate iridescent virus 31 (left) among individuals with typical colouration (right)
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Varidnaviria
Kingdom: Bamfordvirae
Phylum: Nucleocytoviricota
Class: Megaviricetes
Order: Pimascovirales
Family: Iridoviridae
Genus: Iridovirus
Species:
Iridovirus armadillidium1
Synonyms
  • Isopod iridovirus
  • Invertebrate iridescent virus 31
Genomic information
NCBI genome IDNC_024451
Genome size220,222 nucleotides
Year of completion2014[1]

Taxonomy

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In earlier centuries, blue individuals of otherwise drab oniscidean species had been discovered. They were sometimes interpreted to be new subspecies and were described as such: Ligidium hypnorum coeruleum Lereboullet 1843 and L. hypnorum amethystinum Schöbl 1861 (in reference to cerulean and amethyst, respectively). In 1980, the first research was published showing that the phenomenon of blue oniscideans is in fact a disease caused by an iridovirus. The aforementioned 'subspecies' have since been reinterpreted, not as distinct taxonomic entities, but as historical findings of individuals infected with this isopod iridovirus.[4]

In 2014, the 220-kilobase genome sequence of this virus was published.[1] Then in 2018 (as part of the 2018b taxonomy release), it was formally accepted as a species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, named Invertebrate iridescent virus 31 and placed in the genus Iridovirus alongside the mosquito-hosted species Invertebrate iridescent virus 6.[2]

Host range

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IIV-31 infects members of the suborder Oniscidea. In particular, it has been reported in the scientific literature from the following families and species:

Geographic range

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This virus has a wide geographic distribution. In particular, it has been reported in the scientific literature from:

  • Asia (Japan, Turkey)
  • Europe (former Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, United Kingdom)
  • North America (United States)
  • Oceania (Australia)[5][6][7][8]

Tentative fossil

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Early Cretaceous Burmese amber containing an isopod with iridescent blue areas
See also: Paleovirology

An oniscidean fossilised in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber was found that features iridescent blue patches. George Poinar Jr., an entomologist and palaeontologist studying this fossil, tentatively suggested that the colouration may represent an ancient case of IIV-31.[9]

References

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  1. ^ a b Piegu B, Guizard S, Tan YP, Cruaud C, Asgari S, Bideshi DK, Federici BA, Bigot Y (2014). "Genome sequence of a crustacean iridovirus, IIV31, isolated from the pill bug, Armadillidium vulgare". Journal of General Virology. 95 (7): 1585–1590. doi:10.1099/vir.0.066076-0. hdl:20.500.11820/825d13e5-0651-4281-a94f-229fd617c8c6. PMID 24722681.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b "ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 10 October 2019.[dead link‍]
  3. ^ Wijnhoven H, Berg MP (1999). "Some notes on the distribution and ecology of Iridovirus (Iridovirus, Iridoviridae) in terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidae)". Crustaceana. 72 (2): 145–156. doi:10.1163/156854099503249.
  4. ^ Poinar, George O.; Hess, Roberta T.; Stock, Jan H. (1985-01-01). "Occurrence of the Isopod Iridovirus in European Armadillidium and Porcellio (Crustacea, Isopoda)". Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde (in Dutch). 55 (2): 280–282. doi:10.1163/26660644-05502007. ISSN 0067-8546.
  5. ^ a b Lupetti P, Montesanto G, Ciolfi S, Marri L, Gentile M, Paccagnini E, Lombardo BM (2013). "Iridovirus infection in terrestrial isopods from Sicily (Italy)". Tissue and Cell. 45 (5): 321–327. doi:10.1016/j.tice.2013.05.001. PMID 23756498.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b Karasawa S, Takatsuka J, Kato J (2012). "Report on Iridovirus IIV-31 (Iridoviridae, Iridovirus) infecting terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidea) in Japan". Crustaceana. 85 (10): 1269–1278. doi:10.1163/15685403-00003116.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Lupetti, Pietro; Montesanto, Giuseppe; Ciolfi, Silvia; Marri, Laura; Gentile, Mariangela; Paccagnini, Eugenio; Lombardo, Bianca Maria (2013). "Iridovirus infection in terrestrial isopods from Sicily (Italy)". Tissue & Cell. 45 (5): 321–327. doi:10.1016/j.tice.2013.05.001. ISSN 1532-3072. PMID 23756498.
  8. ^ Douch JK, Poupa AM (July 2021). "Citizen science data opens multiple avenues for iridovirus research and prompts first detection of Invertebrate iridescent virus 31 in Australia". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 183: 107619. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2021.107619. PMID 34004165. S2CID 234782794.
  9. ^ Poinar Jr. G (2014). "Evolutionary History of Terrestrial Pathogens and Endoparasites as Revealed in Fossils and Subfossils". Advances in Biology. 2014: 1–29. doi:10.1155/2014/181353.
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