Iridoids are a type of monoterpenoids in the general form of cyclopentanopyran, found in a wide variety of plants and some animals. They are biosynthetically derived from 8-oxogeranial.[1] Iridoids are typically found in plants as glycosides, most often bound to glucose.
The chemical structure is exemplified by iridomyrmecin, a defensive chemical produced by the ant genus Iridomyrmex, for which iridoids are named. Structurally, they are bicyclic cis-fused cyclopentane-pyrans. Cleavage of a bond in the cyclopentane ring gives rise to a subclass known as secoiridoids, such as oleuropein and amarogentin.
Occurrence
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The iridoids produced by plants act primarily as a defense against herbivores or against infection by microorganisms.[citation needed] The variable checkerspot butterfly also contains iridoids obtained through its diet which act as a defense against avian predators.[2] To humans and other mammals, iridoids are often characterized by a deterrent bitter taste.
Aucubin and catalpol are two of the most common iridoids in the plant kingdom.[citation needed] Iridoids are prevalent in the plant subclass Asteridae, such as Ericaceae, Loganiaceae, Gentianaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Oleaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Valerianaceae, and Menyanthaceae.[3]
Iridoids have been the subject of research into their potential biological activities.[3][4]
Biosynthesis
editThe iridoid ring scaffold is synthesized, in plants, by the enzyme iridoid synthase.[5] In contrast with other monoterpene cyclases, iridoid synthase uses 8-oxogeranial as a substrate. The enzyme uses a two-step mechanism, with an initial NADPH-dependent reduction step followed by a cyclization step that occurs through either a Diels-Alder reaction or an intramolecular Michael addition.[5]
Loganic acid is an iridoid substrate converted to strictosidine which reacts with tryptamine, eventually leading to the indole alkaloids which include many biologically active compounds such as strychnine, yohimbine, vinca alkaloids, and ellipticine.
See also
edit- Deacetylasperulosidic acid, an iridoid compound found in a few medicinal plants, such as Morinda citrifolia
References
edit- ^ Gene discovery in the biosynthesis of medicinal alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus
- ^ Bowers, M. Deane (March 1981). "Unpalatability as a Defense Strategy of Western Checkerspot Butterflies (Euphydryas scudder, Nymphalidae)". Evolution. 35 (2): 367–375. doi:10.2307/2407845. JSTOR 2407845. PMID 28563381.
- ^ a b Tundis, Rosa; Loizzo, Monica; Menichini, Federica; Statti, Giancarlo; Menichini, Francesco (2008). "Biological and Pharmacological Activities of Iridoids: Recent Developments". Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 8 (4): 399–420. doi:10.2174/138955708783955926.
- ^ Dinda, Biswanath; Debnath, Sudhan; Harigaya, Yoshihiro (2007). "Naturally Occurring Iridoids. A Review, Part 1". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 55 (2): 159–222. doi:10.1248/cpb.55.159. PMID 17268091.
- ^ a b Geu-Flores, F.; Sherden, N. H.; Courdavault, V.; Burlat, V.; Glenn, W. S.; Wu, C.; Nims, E.; Cui, Y.; O'Connor, S. E. (2012). "An alternative route to cyclic terpenes by reductive cyclization in iridoid biosynthesis". Nature. 492 (7427): 138–142. Bibcode:2012Natur.492..138G. doi:10.1038/nature11692. PMID 23172143.
Further reading
editMoreno-Escobar, Jorge A.; Alvarez, Laura; Rodrıguez-Lopez, Veronica; Marquina Bahena, Silvia (2 March 2013). "Cytotoxic glucosydic iridoids from Veronica Americana". Phytochemistry Letters. 6 (4): 610–613. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2013.07.017.