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Irish states have existed under a number of different names for nearly a thousand years. A unified Irish proto-state had been coalescing from the multitude of small tribal kingdoms that existed circa AD 500, similar to the pattern elsewhere in Europe. The independent development of the several dynastic regional kingdoms into a nascent national kingdom, however, was extinguished by the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, although these regional Gaelic Ireland kingdoms continued to resist for centuries until the Tudor conquest of Ireland was completed in the 17th century.
This list deals with the various states that existed from 1171 onwards that owed their origin to Norman and later, English involvement on the island of Ireland. These were recognised by the Holy See before 1570 and after 1766. Until the whole island was subdued following the end of the Nine Years' War in 1603 these states shared the island of Ireland with a patchwork of indigenous states that existed outside of their authority.
The list below refers to all-Ireland (or nominally all-Ireland) states and to the 1922 post-partition states, not the individual Gaelic kingdoms which exercised the actual governance in their area when they existed, including during the 1350–1500 "Gaelic resurgence".
- Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541)[1]
- Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800)[2][3][4]
- Confederate Ireland (1642–1649) was an Irish government that controlled about two thirds of Ireland during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and is arguably the only large successful sustained period of Irish self-government between the time of Brian Boru the High King of Ireland and the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922.
- Patriot Parliament (1689)[5]
- The revolutionary French backed Irish Republic (late August and early September 1798) controlled only parts of Connacht[6] and is often overlooked today
- Part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)
- The revolutionary Irish Republic (Easter Week, 1916)[7] controlled only small parts of the capital, Dublin, for 6 days, but has had great symbolic significance ever since[8]
- The revolutionary Irish Republic (1919–22)[9][10][11]
- Northern Ireland (1921–present)[12][13] and Southern Ireland (1921–22), both created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920,[12] though only the former existed in reality.
- Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann) (1922–37)[14]
- Ireland (1937–present),[15] often known since 1949 by its official description, Republic of Ireland,[16][17] and sometimes in English as Éire, the word for Ireland in Irish.[15]
For international purposes the British monarch was also King of Ireland until 1949, after which time the President of Ireland became the sole sovereign. The Monarch's internal powers had already been removed by 1937. With the enactment of the Republic of Ireland Act in 1949, all powers of the British monarch were transferred to the president. The name of the state remained Ireland, even after the passing of the Republic of Ireland Act, see names of the Irish state.
See also
edit- List of Irish uprisings – from 1534 to 1998
- History of Ireland (800–1169)
Timeline of Irish states
edit| –1607 | 1642–1653 | 1798 | 1916–1921 | 1922–1937 | 1937– | |||||||||||||||||
| Gaelic Ireland | Confederate Ireland | Irish Republic (1798)2 | Irish Republic | Irish Free State | Ireland | |||||||||||||||||
| Lordship of Ireland1 | Kingdom of Ireland | Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland |
Kingdom of Ireland | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | Southern Ireland3 | |||||||||||||||||
| 1922 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Munster Republic2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Northern Ireland | 1969–1972 | Direct rule | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Free Derry4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1171–1541 | 1541–1649 | 1649–1660 | 1660–1801 | 1801–1921 | 1921–1973 | 1973–1998 | 1998– | |||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
- ^ Lydon, J. F. (1972). The Lordship of Ireland in the Middle Ages. Heritage. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781487576387. JSTOR 10.3138/j.ctvcj2k6f.
- ^ "Crown of Ireland Act 1542, section I." legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ Reilly, Gavan (17 March 2013). "So you know Ireland's national colour might not be green, right?". The Journal. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ "Cross of St Patrick: 'Unity flag' for Northern Ireland?". BBC News. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ Simms, J. G. "The Jacobite Parliament of 1689". War and Politics in Ireland, 1649-173. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 66–69. ISBN 978-0907628729.
- ^ A collection of state papers relative to the war against France now carrying on by Great Britain and the several other European Powers. Vol. 7. Stockdale. 1799. pp. 361–362.
- ^ "Proclamation of the Irish Republic" (Proclamation). Provisional Government of the Irish Republic. 24 April 1916.
- ^ "Explainer: What was the Easter Rising?". RTÉ's Century Ireland. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ^ "The Declaration of Irish Independence" (Declaration). Mansion House, Dublin: Dáil Éireann. 21 January 1919.
- ^ "Ireland independence: Why Jan 1919 is an important date". BBC Newsround. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ^ Sproule, Luke (1 January 2022). "Ireland 1922: The new Irish state descends into civil war". CBBC News. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ^ a b "Government of Ireland Act, 1920: Section 1", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 23 December 1920, 1920 c. 67 (s. 1), retrieved 2 November 2024
- ^ "Northern Ireland Act 1998: Section 1", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 19 November 1998, 1998 c. 47 (s. 1), retrieved 2 November 2024
- ^ Lee, Joseph (1989). Ireland, 1912-1985: Politics and Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 9780521377416.
- ^ a b "Article 4". Constitution of Ireland. 1937. Retrieved 2 November 2024 – via Irish Statute Book.
- ^ "The day Ireland became a republic - archive, April 1949". The Guardian. Compiled by Richard Nelsson. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ The Republic of Ireland Act 1948, s. 2 (No. 22 of 1948, s. 2). Enacted on 21 December 1948 by Seán T. O'Kelly. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 2 November 2024.