Irma Goldberg (born 1871) was a Russian-born chemist. She was one of the first female organic chemists to have and sustain a successful career, her work even being quoted in her own name in standard textbooks.[1]
Irma Goldberg | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1871 Moscow |
| Died | unknown |
| Alma mater | Geneva University |
| Known for | Goldberg reaction, Jourdan-Ullman-Goldberg reaction |
| Spouse | Fritz Ullmann |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Organic Chemistry |
Life
editEducation
editBorn in Moscow to a Russian-Jewish family, she later traveled to Geneva in the 1890s to study chemistry at Geneva University.[2]
Early research, Ullmann reaction
editHer early research included the development of a process to remove sulfur and phosphorus from acetylene. Her first article on the derivatives of benzophenone, coauthored by German chemist Fritz Ullmann, was published in 1897.[1][3] She also researched and wrote a paper (published in 1904) on using copper as a catalyst for the preparation of a phenyl derivative of thiosalicylic acid, a process known as the Ullmann reaction; Goldberg is the only woman scientist unambiguously recognized for her own named reaction: the amidation (Goldberg) reaction.[4] This modification to previous forms of the method was a great improvement, and was extremely helpful for laboratory-scale preparations. She coordinated on other forms of chemistry research with her husband, Fritz Ullmann, in what they called the Ullmann-Goldberg collaborative.[1][5]
Move to Berlin, synthetic dye research
editIn 1905, both Goldberg and Ullman moved to Technische Hochschule in Berlin. Goldberg's research, along with that of the Ullmann-Goldberg collaborative, was also a part of Germany's synthetic dye industry. Their research helped with the creation of the synthetic alizarin industry, or the process of replacing natural dye obtained from madder. In 1909, Goldberg also collaborated with Hermann Friedman to review German patents under BASF (Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik) and Bayer & Co. Farbenfabriken, providing notes on preparation for 114 dyes.[1]
Marriage and later life
editIn 1910, Goldberg married Ullman. In 1923, they moved back to Geneva when Ullman accepted a faculty position at Geneva University.[1]
Her exact death date is not known, but her name does appear at the top of a list of people signing a memorial notice in a Geneva newspaper for her deceased husband, Fritz Ullmann in 1939.[1]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Creese, Mary (2004). Ladies in the Laboratory II. Oxford, UK: Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 184–185. LCCN 2003020846.
- ^ "Organic Named Reactions and Social Challenges".
- ^ Sperotto, Elena; van Klink, Gerard P. M.; van Koten, Gerard; de Vries, Johannes G. (2010-11-21). "The mechanism of the modified Ullmann reaction". Dalton Transactions. 39 (43): 10338–10351. doi:10.1039/c0dt00674b. ISSN 1477-9234. PMID 21049595. S2CID 17679364.
- ^ "Women Named Organic Reactions :: News :: ChemistryViews". www.chemistryviews.org. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
- ^ Olson, Julie A.; Shea, Kevin M. (2011-05-17). "Critical Perspective: Named Reactions Discovered and Developed by Women". Accounts of Chemical Research. 44 (5): 311–321. doi:10.1021/ar100114m. ISSN 0001-4842. PMID 21417324.