Wikipedia

Isaac de Forcade de Biaix

Isaac de Forcade de Biaix, aka Isaak de Forcade de Biaix,[4] aka Isaac von Forcade de Biaix,[5] aka Isaac von Forcade,[6][7] aka Peter Isaac von Forcade,[8] aka Isaak von Forcade[9] (c. 1703,[2][6] in Pau,[3] Béarn – 21 January 1775,[6] in Potsdam, Prussia), was a Kingdom of Prussia colonel, Hofmarschall[1][6] to the Prince of Prussia[6] and recipient of Prussia's highest military order of merit for heroism, Knight of the Order of Pour le Mérite.[4] He was a descendant of the noble family of Forcade in Béarn, born as a Catholic, but emigrated to Brandenburg-Prussia at a young age, where he joined the Huguenot community in Berlin.

Hofmarschall[1] Sir
Isaac de Forcade de Biaix
Isaak von Forcade de Biaix
Bornc. 1703[2]
Biaix Manor, Pau, Béarn, France[3]
Died(1775-01-21)21 January 1775[2]
Potsdam, Brandenburg
TitleHofmarschall[1] to the Prince of Prussia, Crown Prince Frederick William II, heir to the throne of Prussia
Spouse(s)Anna Elisabeth de Cantenius (1738)
Catherine von Vieregg (1763)
Parent(s)presumably Isaac de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix and Magdaleine Claire de Lalanne
Military career
Allegiance Prussia
Service / branchPrussian Army
Years of service1722–1757
RankColonel
Unit23rd Prussian Infantry Regiment (1722-1738)
18th Prussian Infantry Regiment, aka Prince of Prussia Infantry Regiment (1738-1757)
CommandsThe Court of the Prince of Prussia, Crown Prince Frederick William II (1765-1775)
Battles / wars
AwardsKnight of the Order of Pour le Mérite (1740–42)[4]

He is referred to in some historical sources, as Isaac Quirin von Forcade, Marquis de Biaix,[10][11] As with his uncle and first cousin, there is no evidence that he was ever a Marquis. Biaix was never, at any time in its history, a marquisate, but instead a noble manor in Pau (see also Manorialism).

Military career

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Historical sources related to the research of noble families in France erroneously state that he was a major general,[5] as does the 25 July 1748 Catholic baptismal record[12] for a niece, Elizabeth-Christine de Casamajor, at Saint-Martin's church in Pau, France. In reality, his first cousin, Friedrich Wilhelm Quirin von Forcade de Biaix was the Prussian major general in 1748.

Early Military Career in Prussia

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First Silesian War (1740–42)

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He fought near Glogau Fortress (29 December 1740 – 2 January 1741), near Breslau (30 December 1740 – 3 January 1741), Ohlau (9 January 1741), the Siege of Neisse (15 – 22 January 1741), in skirmishes between Nossen and Lindenau (‘’2 March 1741’’), at Göding (‘’10 March 1742’’), and at the Siege of Brno (‘’31 March – 3 April 1742’’) in Moravia.

Second Silesian War (1744–45)

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He fought with his unit at the Siege of Prague (2–18 September 1744), Beraun (6 September 1744), Selmitz (19 November 1744), Prague (25 November 1744), and the Battle of Hohenfriedberg (4 June 1745).

He fought at the Battle of Soor (30 September 1745), Schönefeld near Leipzig (29 November 1745), Meißen (9 December 1745), and at the Battle of Kesselsdorf (15 December 1745).

Seven Years' War (1754–63)

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Fought at the Siege of Pirna (11 September – 14 October 1756).

He fought at the Battle of Reichenberg near Kratzau (21 April 1757), the Battle of Prague (6 May – 20 June 1757), Witkow Mountain (Polish: Góra Witków, German: Ziskaberg) near Wittgendorf (9 May 1757), Angelka (3 June 1757), White Mountain (Czech: Bílé hoře, German: Weißen Berg) near Prague (20 June 1757), Wellemin (Czech: Velemín) (3 July 1757), on Löbau (8 August 1757), Hirschfeld [de] near Reinsberg (17 August 1757), Burkersdorf (20 August 1757), Dittersbach auf dem Eigen and Kiesdorf auf dem Eigen (25 August 1757), the Battle of Moys (7 September 1757), Barschdorf (26 September 1757), the Battle of Breslau (22 November 1757), the Battle of Leuthen (5 December 1757), and at the Siege of Breslau (7–20 December 1757).

Retirement

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In all, he served the Royal house for 52 years,[6] during which time he fought in the First Silesian War, the Second Silesian War and the Seven Years' War.[6]

Family

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Coat of arms

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Forcade-Biaix coat of arms, Prussian Branch, circa 1820

The family motto of the Prussian branch is "In Virtute Pertinax".[15]

Coat of arms: An escutcheon with the field divided into four parts. Left half: argent tincture, a gules lion holding a sinople eradicated oak tree between its paws; azure tincture charged with three or mullets; Right half: a gules castle with three towers on an argent tincture; sinople tincture charged with three argent roses below it. A Grafenkrone (Count's coronet) as helmut on top of the escutcheon, crested with a or fleur-de-lis. Two or lions supporting the escutcheon. Motto: "In Virtute Pertinax".

Heraldic symbolism: The lion symbolizes courage; the eradicated oak tree symbolizes strength and endurance; the towers are symbols of defense and of individual fortitude; the mullets (5-star) symbolizes divine quality bestowed by god; the rose is a symbol of hope and joy; the fleur-de-lis is the floral emblem of France; the coronet is a symbol of victory, sovereignty and empire. A count's coronet to demonstrate rank and because the family originally served the counts of Foix and Béarn during the English Wars in the Middle Ages.

Parents

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Isaac de Forcade,[5][16] Seigneur de Biaix,[5][16][17] (* September 1659, Biaix in Pau, Béarn; bap. 13 September 1659, Morlaàs, Béarn;[16] † 27 October 1737,[16] Biaix in Pau, Béarn), attorney, Jurat in Pau,[17] Legislator at the Parliament of Navarre[16][5] in Pau, and his third wife Claire de Lalanne[5][16] (oo 7 June 1694[16] Rontignon;[16] † 22 March 1734, Biaix in Pau, Béarn.)

The French-language entry in a Stettin parish register for his 1738 marriage is one of only two known documents that establish his parental lineage. In this document, he states that he is a native of Pau, in Béarn, and that his parents were Jean de Forcade and Therèse de Lalande.

Although few documents exist to prove his parental line, his obituary notice published on the occasion of his death in 1775, which includes a curriculum vitae, begins by explaining that he was the nephew (German: Bruderssohn)[6] of Lieutenant General Jean de Forcade de Biaix. According to detailed genealogical records, his uncle, Jean de Forcade de Biaix, had nine brothers, but did not have another brother by the same name who could have married a Therèse de Lalande. Instead, and because of the later use of de Biaix name as part of his surname in some historical sources in Prussia[11] and France, he is thought to be the youngest son of Jean de Forcade de Biaix's eldest brother, Isaac de Forcade, Seigneur de Biaix and his third wife Claire de Lalanne, where his 1703-1704 birth fits neatly into a gap between the recorded baptisms for two other children, baptized 19 July 1703 and 13 April 1708.

The Roman Catholic parish register for Pau for time period around his birth may have originally recorded his birth and baptism, but records for 1704, with the exception of a handful of entries for the month of January, have been lost from the original register. The years surrounding 1704 are very chaotically recorded. What the parish register does clearly show, however, is that there was no married couple named Jean de Forcade and Therèse de Lalande, as named in his marriage record in Stettin, bearing children in Pau during the ten years before or after 1704.

This parish register, however, does record the baptism of an Isaac de Biaix, baptized 24 December 1707, son of, Jacques de Biaix and his wife Jeanne de Harpère.[18]

Kurt von Priesdorff, in his ten volume work de:Soldatisches Führertum,[10] claims without citing evidence or sources, that Isaac Quirin de Forcade, Marquis de Biaix was the son of Lieutenant General Jean de Forcade de Biaix and his wife Juliane, Freiin von Honstedt. Other scholarly works make the same claim, citing Priesdorff as their source.[11] In the absence of proof to the contrary, and considering Priesdorff's privileged access to sources for his scholarly work, this possibility should not be completely ruled out, despite Isaac de Forcade de Biaix's 1738 marriage record citing his birthplace in Pau, Béarn as proof to the contrary.

Marriages

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Isaac de Forcade de Biaix married on 16 July 1738[3] at the French Reformed Church in Stettin, with Anna Elisabeth de Cantenius, the daughter of Martin de Cantenius and his wife Sophie Dorothea Friedeborn.

He married a second time on 21 February 1763 with the widow Katharina von Eickstedt,[8] née Catherine von Vieregg (baptized 26 April 1726, Rothenklempenow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; † 29 April 1795, Rothenklempenow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), the daughter of Georg IX. von Vieregg (1688-1753) and Margarethe Dorothee von Vieregg (1696-1766).

The Fiefs of Barsekwitz and Gollin

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Anna Elisabeth de Cantenius acquired the fiefs of Barskewitz and Gollin, both mesne-fiefs[19] (German: Afterlehne) of the Order of Saint John from the von Borck family in 1731 for 28,000 Reichsthaler[8] and was ennobled on 3 September 1737[20][21][22] by King Frederick William I of Prussia with them. Gollin was a farming village, a dependency of Barskewitz[7][8] (present day Barzkowice), now both suburbs of Gmina Stargard Szczeciński in Stargard County.

The Vassal Table of 1756 for the district lists him as the head of the household at his wife's properties.[9]

A detailed inventory of the fiefs in 1784 states that, in addition to its many features and assets, Barskewitz also included a church belonging to the Jacobshagen Synod, itself a branch of the church in Pansin.[8]

Following her death, the court in Sonnenburg ruled on 24 January 1765,[8] that as her heir, the Lordship of her two fiefs passed to him.[8]

His own last will and testament dated 7 April 1772[8] did not name any male children as heirs. In this will, he bequeathed that Gollin remain the property of his second wifeKatharina von Eickstedt. He further stipulated that Barskewitz be transferred upon his death to his eldest step-son, Ernst Friederich von Eickstedt, hereditary Herr of Hohenholz and Plossow,[8] for an annual payment of 24,000 Reichsthaler, but only for the period of his lifetime. Furthermore, that upon the death of the preceding, it would again be transferred to his nephew, Captain Sir Friederich Wilhelm Sigismund von Aschersleben,[8] Knight of the Order of Saint John,[8] or his male heirs, and that should he no longer be living and not leave any male heirs, the property would subsequently transfer to the Canon (Domherr) Friedrich von Itzenplitz[8] (believed to be his daughter's husband) and his male heirs, in exchange for the payment of the same amount.

The Vassal Table of 1802 shows that Barskewitz and Gollin were still owned by the von Itzenlitz family, the owner shown with the occupation of Landrat in the Kurmark.[23] The 1 January 1862 directory of the Pomeranian Knighthood shows that the property was jointly owned by the Countess von Itzenplitz in Berlin and her husband, a von Meding, the retired Oberpräsident of the Geheimrat to the King of Prussia.[24]

Children

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An entry in the evangelical parish register for St. Jacob's church in Stettin, dated only as between Advent 1760 (30 November 1760) and Advent 1761 (29 November 1761), states that an "…unmarried noble daughter of Colonel Forcade, age 27 years…" was buried.[25]

His marriage with Anna Elisabeth Cantenius is said to have been childless, thus extinguishing his branch of the family.[21]

A step-daughter from his second marriage much later in life, Louise von Eickstedt (* 7 November 1749,[26] Skanderborg, Denmark; † 10 July 1821), married a Canon (German: Domherr) in Havelberg Friedrich von Itzenplitz, Erbherr auf Gross- und Klein-Behnitz, Jerchel (1740-1772).[27][28][29]

Other Family

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d Fahrenkrüger (1801), 2nd Part, p. 281 (in German-English)
  2. ^ a b c Potsdam Evangelical Garrison Parish, Baptisms, Marriages and Burials Vol. 1756-1855, p. 515 (in French manuscript) (subscription required)
  3. ^ a b c AFrD: Rep. 33 – Mar.I,Nr.63
  4. ^ a b c d e Lehman, Band 1, p. 18, Nr. 113 (in German)
  5. ^ a b c d e f Dufau de Maluquer, Tome 2, Page 474 (in French)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Heinsius, Issue 162, Page 418, Nr. 5 (in German)
  7. ^ a b Brüggermann (1784), Part 2, Band 1, p. 264, Nr. 16 (in German)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Brüggermann (1784), Part 2, Band 1, p. 258, Nr. 2 (in German)
  9. ^ a b c d Klempin & Kratz (1863), Chapter 5, Table A, Section 16, p. 426, Nr. 7 (in German)
  10. ^ a b Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum, Tome 1, p. 115, Nr. 188
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Gerlach (2007), Band 1, p. 591, Nr. 19 (in German)
  12. ^ Saint-Martin de Pau, Baptêmes 1743-1752, Page 220 (in French)
  13. ^ a b c d e Hempel, Band 8, Page 506 (in German)
  14. ^ Gieraths, Band 8, Page 64 (in German)
  15. ^ Champeaux, Page 105 (in French)
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Chaix d'Est-Ange, Tome 18, Page 316 (in French)
  17. ^ a b O'Gilvy, Tome 3, Page 173 (in French)
  18. ^ Pau Saint-Martin's Catholic Church, Baptisms, Marriages and Burials Vol. 1692-1711, p. 263 (in French manuscript)
  19. ^ Fahrenkrüger (1801), 2nd Part, p. 26 (in German-English)
  20. ^ Hellbach (1825), 1. Band A-K, p. 219 (in German)
  21. ^ a b Hefner (1860), p. 217 (in German)
  22. ^ Ledebur (1854), p. 133 (in German)
  23. ^ Klempin & Kratz (1863), Chapter 5, Table B, Section 16, p. 528, Nr. 12 (in German)
  24. ^ Klempin & Kratz (1863), Chapter 7, Section 21, p. 642, Nr. 24 (in German)
  25. ^ Stettin St. Jacob, Deaths Vol. 1749-1811, Page 61, Nr. 16 (in German manuscript) (subscription required)
  26. ^ Freiherr von Eickstedt (1860), p. 252 (in German)
  27. ^ Straubel (2009), Biographisches Handbuch der preußischen Verwaltungs- und Justizbeamten 17401806, Teil 1 A - L, pp. 454-455 (in German
  28. ^ Allgemeine encyklopädie der wissenschaften und künste, pp. 302-304 (in German)
  29. ^ Gross- und Klein Behnitz
  30. ^ a b Picamilh, Tome 1, Page 421 (in French)
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Zedlitz-Neukirch, Band 4, Page 390 (in German)
  32. ^ a b c König, Band 1, Page 429 (in German)
  33. ^ Lange, Page 91 (in German)
  34. ^ a b c d e König, Band 1, Page 430 (in German)
  35. ^ a b Zedlitz-Neukirch, Band 2, Page 179 (in German)
  36. ^ Gieraths, Band 8, Page 79 (in German)
  37. ^ Ledebur, Band 17, Page 43 (in German)

References

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  • Archive Départementale des Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Registres paroissiaux de Saint-Martin de Pau, Baptêmes 1743-1752, Page 220 (in French)
  • Brüggemann, Ludwig Wilhelm: Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königl. Preußischen Herzogthums Vor- und Hinterpommern. Des Zweiten Theils erster Band, welcher die Beschreibung der zu dem Gerichtsbezirk der Königl. Landescollegien in Stettin gehörigen Hinterpommerschen Kreise enthält., HG Effenbart, Stettin 1784, p. 258, Nr. 2 (in German) and p. 264, Nr. 16 (in German)
  • Chaix d'Est-Ange, Gustave:, Dictionnaire des Familles françaises anciennes ou notables à la fin du XIXe siècle: FEL - FOR, Tome 18, 1922, Pages 315–316. (in French)
  • Champeaux, Joseph de: Devises, cris de guerre, légendes, dictons, Dijon 1890, Page 105. (in French)
  • Dufau de Maluquer, Armand de & Jaurgain, Jean de: Armorial de Béarn, 1696-1701 : extrait du recueil officiel dressé par ordre de Louis XIV [sous la direction de C. d'Hozier] / texte publié d'après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale et accompagné de notes bigraphiques, historiques et généalogiques, Tome 2, Pau 1893, Pages 473–474. (in French)
  • Freiherr von Eickstedt, Carl August Ludwig (1860). Familienbuch des dynastischen Geschlechts der von Eickstedt in Thüringen, Pommern und Schlesien (application/PDF) (in German). Ratibor: U. Wichura. pp. 235, 251–252. Retrieved 18 May 2017 – via Google Books.
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  • Gieraths, Günther: Die Kampfhandlungen der brandenburgisch-preussischen Armee, 1626-1807, Band 8, Berlin 1964, Pages 79 & 111. (in German)
  • Hefner, Otto Titan von (1860). "C" [C]. Stammbuch des blühenden und abgestorbenen Adels in Deutschland [The Register of Blossoming and Extinct Nobility in Germany. Volume 1. A - F: containing reliable and documentary information about 9898 nobles dynasties.] (application/PDF) (in German). Vol. 1. A - F: enthaltend zuverlässige und urkundliche Nachrichten über 9898 Adels Geschlechter. Regensburg: Georg Joseph Manz. p. 217. Retrieved 20 May 2017 – via Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf Universitäts- und Landesbibliotek.
  • Heinsius, Johann Samuel (Verlag): Fortgesetzte neue genealogisch-historische Nachrichten von den vornehmsten Begebenheiten, welche sich an den europäischen Höfen zutragen, worinn zugleich vieler Stands-Personen Lebens-Beschreibungen vorkommen. 168 Theil, Leipzig 1776, Page 418, Nr. 5 (in German)
  • Hellbach, Johann Christian von: Adels-Lexikon, oder, Handbuch über die historischen, genealogischen und diplomatischen zum Theil auch heraldischen Nachrichten vom hohen und niedern Adel, besonders in den deutschen Bundesstaaten, so wie von dem östreichischen, böhmischen, mährenschen, preußischen, schlesischen und lausitzischen Adel. 1. Band A-K, Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Ilmenau 1825, p. 219 (in German)
  • Hempel, Christian Friedrich: Helden Staats und Lebens Geschichte Des Allerdurchlauchtigsten des Allerdurchlauchtigsten Großmächtigsten Königs und Herrn, Herrn Friedrich des Andern, jetzt glorwürdigst regierenden Königs in Preuffen, Churfürsten zu Brandenburg, Souverainen und obersten Herzogs in Schlesien u.a., 8. Theil welcher die Geschichte vom März 1763 bis zum Oktober des 1765sten Jahres enthält, Frankfurt & Leipzig 1766, Page 506 (in German)
  • Klempin, Dr. Robert; Kratz, Gustav (1863). "V. Uebersichten des Personal- und Besitzstandes der Preussisch-Pommerschen Ritterschaft aus dem 17. und 19. Jahrhundert. Teil A. Vassalen-Tabelle de 1756: XVI. Combinierter Saatziger und Freyenwaldescher Kreis." [V. Overview of the Personnel and Property Assets of the Prussian-Pomeranian Knighthood from the 17th and 19th Centuries. Part A. Vassals Table of 1756: XVI. Combined Saatzig and Freyenwald Districts.]. Matrikeln und Verzeichnisse der pommerschen Ritterschaft vom 14. bis in das 19. Jahrhundert [Register and Directory of the Pomeranian Knighthood from the 14th to the 19th Century.] (application/PDF) (in German). Berlin: In Commission bei A. Bath. pp. 426, 670. Retrieved 17 May 2017 – via Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf Universitäts- und Landesbibliotek.
  • Klempin, Dr. Robert; Kratz, Gustav (1863). "V. Uebersichten des Personal- und Besitzstandes der Preussisch-Pommerschen Ritterschaft aus dem 17. und 19. Jahrhundert. Teil B. Vassalen-Tabelle de 1804: XVI. Vereinigter Saatziger und Wedelen Kreis." [V. Overview of the Personnel and Property Assets of the Prussian-Pomeranian Knighthood from the 17th and 19th Centuries. Part B. Vassals Table of 1804: XVI. Combined Saatzig and Wedelen Districts.]. Matrikeln und Verzeichnisse der pommerschen Ritterschaft vom 14. bis in das 19. Jahrhundert [Register and Directory of the Pomeranian Knighthood from the 14th to the 19th Century.] (application/PDF) (in German). Berlin: In Commission bei A. Bath. p. 528. Retrieved 17 May 2017 – via Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf Universitäts- und Landesbibliotek.
  • Klempin, Dr. Robert; Kratz, Gustav (1863). "VII. Verzeichniß der am 1. Januar 1862 mit landtags- und kreistags-fähigen Rittergütern angesessenen Rittergutsbesitzer der Provinz Pommern. Subchapter XXI. Kreis Saatzig." [VII. Directory of Landtag or Kreistag Eligible Ritterguts and their Respective Owners of the Province of Pomerania as of 1 January 1862, Subchapter XXI. Saatzig District.]. Matrikeln und Verzeichnisse der pommerschen Ritterschaft vom 14. bis in das 19. Jahrhundert [Register and Directory of the Pomeranian Knighthood from the 14th to the 19th Century.] (application/PDF) (in German). Berlin: In Commission bei A. Bath. p. 642. Retrieved 17 May 2017 – via Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf Universitäts- und Landesbibliotek.
  • König, Anton Balthasar: Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen, welche sich in Preußischen Diensten berühmt gemacht haben: A - F, Band 1, Pages 429–430. (in German)
  • Kroener, Bernhard: Potsdam: Staat, Armee, Residenz in der preußisch-deutschen Militärgeschichte. (in German)
  • Lange, Eduard: Die Soldaten Friedrich’s des Grossen, Leipzig 1853, Pages 91–92. (in German)
  • Ledebur, Leopold von: Allgemeines Archiv für die Geschichtskunde des Preußischen Staates, Band 17, Berlin 1835, Page 43. (in German)
  • Ledebur, Leopold von (1854). "C". Adelslexicon der preussischen Monarchie [Lexicon of Nobility of the Prussian Monarchy.] (application/PDF) (in German). Vol. 1. A - K. Berlin: Ludwig Rauh. p. 133. Retrieved 21 May 2017 – via Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf Universitäts- und Landesbibliotek.
  • Lehmann, Gustaf: Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite. Auf Allerhöchsten Befehl Seiner Majestät des Kaisers und Königs, bearbeitet im Königlichen Kriegsministerium durch Gustav Lehmann, wirklichen geheimen Kriegsrat und vortragenden Rat im Kriegs-Ministerium, Erster Band: 1740-1811, Berlin 1913, Page 18, Nr. 113. (in German)
  • O'Gilvy, Gabriel & Bourrousse de Laffore, Pierre Jules de: Nobiliaire de Guienne et de Gascogne. Revue des familles d'ancienne chevalerie ou anoblies de ces provinces, antérieures à 1789, avec leurs généalogies et armes, Tome 3, Paris 1860, Pages 169–185. (in French)
  • Picamilh, Charles de: Statistique générale des Basses-Pyrénées, Tome 1, Page 421. (in French)
  • Zedlitz-Neukirch, Leopold von: Neues preußisches Adelslexicon oder genealogische und diplomatische Nachrichten von den in der preussischen Monarchie ansässigen oder zu derselben in Beziehung stehenden fürstlichen, gräflichen, freiherrlichen und adeligen Häusern mit der Angabe ihrer Abstammung, ihres Besitzthums, ihres Wappens und der aus ihnen hervorgegangenen Civil- und Militärpersonen, Helden, Gelehrten und Künstler: E - H, Band 2, 1836, Pages 179–180. (in German)
  • Zedlitz-Neukirch, Leopold von: Neues preußisches Adelslexicon oder genealogische und diplomatische Nachrichten von den in der preussischen Monarchie ansässigen oder zu derselben in Beziehung stehenden fürstlichen, gräflichen, freiherrlichen und adeligen Häusern mit der Angabe ihrer Abstammung, ihres Besitzthums, ihres Wappens und der aus ihnen hervorgegangenen Civil- und Militärpersonen, Helden, Gelehrten und Künstler: P - Z, Band 4, 1837, Pages 390–392. (in German)

Literature

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  • Fahrenkrüger, Johann Anton: Nathan Bailey's Dictionary English-German and German-English — Englisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch. Gänzlich umgearbeitet. Zweiter Theil. Deutsch-Englisch. Zehnte, verbesserte und vermehrte, Auflage., Friedrich Frommann, Leipzig und Jena 1801 (in German and English)
  • Lehmann, Gustaf: Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite. Auf Allerhöchsten Befehl Seiner Majestät des Kaisers und Königs, bearbeitet im Königlichen Kriegsministerium durch Gustav Lehmann, wirklichen geheimen Kriegsrat und vortragenden Rat im Kriegs-Ministerium, Erster Band: 1740-1811, Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, Berlin 1913 (in German)
  • Lehmann, Gustaf: Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite. Auf Allerhöchsten Befehl Seiner Majestät des Kaisers und Königs, bearbeitet im Königlichen Kriegsministerium durch Gustav Lehmann, wirklichen geheimen Kriegsrat und vortragenden Rat im Kriegs-Ministerium, Zweiter Band: 1812-1913, Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, Berlin 1913, (in German)
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