Wikipedia

Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan

This article is about the Kurdish Islamic emirate. For other ones, see Islamic emirate (disambiguation).

The Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan (Kurdish: میرنشینی ئیسلامیی کوردستان), was an unrecognized Kurdish Islamic state located in the Halabja Governorate. It had been outside the control of the Iraqi government since 1991, and was a self-governing entity within the Kurdistan Region in 1994, and officially declared independence in 2001. It ended after Operation Viking Hammer.

Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan
میرنشینی ئیسلامی کوردستان
1994-2003
Flag of
Flag
Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan (dark grey)
Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan (dark grey)
StatusPart of the Kurdistan Region (1994-2001)
Unrecognized independent state (2001–2003)
CapitalByara
Largest cityHalabja
Official languagesKurdish
Religion
Salafism
GovernmentIslamic emirate
Emir 
• 2001–2003
Mullah Krekar
Deputies 
• 2001-2003
Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i
• 2001-2003
Ali Bapir
History 
• Established
1994
• Disestablished
March 30, 2003
CurrencyIranian rial, Iraqi dinar (de facto)
Today part ofIraqi Kurdistan

History

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Background

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The 1991 Iraqi uprisings included the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), and the Kurdistan Islamic Movement (IMK), which rebelled against the Iraqi government and established the Kurdistan Region. The IMK continued to have a significant presence in the Kurdistan Region. Later, the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War erupted between the KDP and PUK. As part of the agreements, control of the Kurdistan Region was divided into three sections. The KDP was given Duhok Governorate and Erbil Governorate, the PUK was given Sulaymaniyah Governorate, and the IMK was given Halabja Governorate. The emirate was initially an autonomous part of the Kurdistan Region. When the IMK was incorporated into the Kurdish government, some left the IMK and formed their own groups, which continued to operate in the emirate.[1][2] Among the groups were Islah led by Mullah Krekar, the Kurdistan Justice Group led by Ali Bapir, and Jund al-Islam (a merger of the Tawhid Islamic Front, the Islamic Resistance Movement, and the Second Soran Unit) led by Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i.[3] Mullah Krekar quickly rose to popularity. In 2001, Mullah Krekar secured control over the emirate and declared independence, and stated his intentions of expanding the Islamic emirate to include all of Greater Kurdistan. Mullah Krekar presented the Islamic emirate as an independent Kurdish state and claimed that it would not expand past Kurdistan.[4][5][6] In the Islamic emirate, Islah and Jund al-Islam merged to form Ansar al-Islam, which acted as the military of the Islamic emirate.[7]

Mullah Krekar, leader of Ansar al-Islam, was the Emir of the Emirate, while Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i and Ali Bapir were his deputies. With the area under a de facto embargo from all sides, Sunni Kurdish jihadists from neighbouring Iran gave vital cross-border support to the Emirate, setting up networks that illegally smuggled to the area.[8][9][10][11][12]

Life under the Islamic Emirate

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Like Mullah Krekar, many Ansar al-Islam fighters and leaders also held nationalist views and treated the new emirate as a victory of the Kurdish independence movement. They were also traditionalists who promoted the Kurdish culture socially. Despite many other nationalist policies, elements of nationalism which contradicted Islam were abandoned.[13][14][15] It was also reported that Ansar al-Islam enforced strict Sharia law, committed atrocities against the Yarsani minority, and destroyed Sufi shrines and khanqahs.[16][17][18] The Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan had diplomatic relations with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under Mullah Omar, and would send Kurds to Afghanistan to receive training from the Taliban or Al-Qaeda.[19] They also sent delegations to Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan.[20] The IRGC were accused of being reckless about what was happening at their borders.[10]

Collapse

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Bafel Talabani stepping on a flag of Ansar al-Islam

After launching the invasion of Iraq, the government of Bülent Ecevit denied the United States permission to enter Iraq from Turkish territory. The United States launched Operation Viking Hammer in 2003. After the loss of the Emirate, many Ansar fighters gathered at the Iran–Iraq border, where they were smuggled into Iran by Iranian Kurdish sympathisers.[21]

After the collapse of the emirate, Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i took leadership of Ansar al-Islam, which relocated to the Hamrin Mountains and fought in the Iraqi insurgency, while Mullah Krekar left for Norway. Mullah Krekar founded and led Rawti Shax until his arrest in 2015.[22][23] Ali Bapir later reconciled with the Kurdistan Regional Government.[24][25]

In late 2016, around the 15th anniversary of the emirate, Mullah Krekar said that "I hope we separate from Iraq as soon as possible. I would support it wholeheartedly. We were annexed to the Iraqi state under force in 1921, a state that is a failed state in every sense. The first time Iraq purchased aircraft, they bombed the Kingdom of Kurdistan and Sulaymaniyah. If a tiny part of Kurdistan is separated from Iraq and declares independence, I will endorse it fully. When Mauritania declared independence, they didn't even have a building to wave their flag upon, but still they declared independence." He also claimed that he no longer held resentment towards Kurdish government officials. Hoshyar Zebari confirmed that the Kurdish government made peace with Krekar.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Islamist Threat from Iraqi Kurdistan | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
  2. ^ Faleh A. Jabar and Hosham Dawod, The Kurds: nationalism and politics (London: Saqi), 203-230.
  3. ^ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan." Human Rights Watch, Date unknown. Web. 18 October 2010.
  4. ^ Gade, Tine; Palani, Kamaran (22 May 2022). "The hybridisation of religion and nationalism in Iraqi Kurdistan: The case of Kurdish Islam". Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal. 5 (3–6): 221–241. doi:10.1080/23802014.2022.2070269. hdl:11250/2999460. S2CID 249036504.
  5. ^ "Does Kurdish jihadist group threaten Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in north Syria? - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". http://www.al-monitor.com. 20 June 2021. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  6. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (11 May 2014). "Key Updates on Iraq's Sunni Insurgent Groups". Brown Moses Blog. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  7. ^ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan." Human Rights Watch, Date unknown. Web. 18 October 2010.
  8. ^ "Komal should 'shed' Islamic label: party leader". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  9. ^ "How ISIS Infiltrated Iranian Kurdistan". iranwire.com.
  10. ^ a b "Journey to jihad: Iran's Sunni Kurds fighting a holy war in Idlib". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  11. ^ "Iraqi political groupings and individuals". middleeastreference.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-03-05.
  12. ^ Ram, Sunil (April 2003). "The Enemy of My Enemy: The odd link between Ansar al-Islam, Iraq and Iran" (PDF). The Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2004. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  13. ^ Gade, Tine; Palani, Kamaran (22 May 2022). "The hybridisation of religion and nationalism in Iraqi Kurdistan: The case of Kurdish Islam". Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal. 5 (3–6): 221–241. doi:10.1080/23802014.2022.2070269. hdl:11250/2999460. S2CID 249036504.
  14. ^ "Does Kurdish jihadist group threaten Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in north Syria? - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". http://www.al-monitor.com. 20 June 2021. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  15. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (11 May 2014). "Key Updates on Iraq's Sunni Insurgent Groups". Brown Moses Blog. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  16. ^ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, )". www.hrw.org.
  17. ^ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  18. ^ Brynjar, Lia. Understanding Jihadi Proto-States - JSTOR. JSTOR 26297412.
  19. ^ "Journey to jihad: Iran's Sunni Kurds fighting a holy war in Idlib". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  20. ^ Schanzer, Jonathan (January 2004) "Ansar al-Islam: Back in Iraq :: Middle East Quarterly". Middle East Quarterly. Archived from the original on 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  21. ^ "The rise and fall of Ansar al-Islam". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  22. ^ "16 ISIS-Linked Suspects Held in Europe-Wide Sweep: Italy Officials". NBC News. 12 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  23. ^ "Italy announces swoop on 'jihadist network'". The Local. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  24. ^ Obeid, Adel Ahmad.'L'islamisme en mutation : Une étude pluridisciplinaire sur la mouvance islamiste kurde, pp. 22-23
  25. ^ Obeid, Adel Ahmad.'L'islamisme en mutation : Une étude pluridisciplinaire sur la mouvance islamiste kurde, pp. 80-83
  26. ^ Mahmud Yasin Kurdi (29 September 2016). "Time has come to break from Iraq, says radical Kurdish cleric Mulla Krekar". rudaw.net. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
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