Isopropyl nitrate (IPN, 2-propyl nitrate) is a colorless liquid monopropellant. It is used as a diesel cetane improver. IPN is a low-sensitivity explosive, with a detonation velocity of approximately 5400 m/s.[5]
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Propan-2-yl nitrate | |
| Other names
Isopropyl nitrate
Isonite | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.015.439 |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C3H7NO3 | |
| Molar mass | 105.09 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Density | 1.036 g/cm3, liquid |
| Melting point | −82.5 °C (−116.5 °F; 190.7 K) |
| Boiling point | 101.5 °C (214.7 °F; 374.6 K) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 16.9[2][3][4] |
| Viscosity | 0.66 cP at 20 °C |
| Hazards | |
| Flash point | 22.2 °C (72.0 °F; 295.3 K) |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | External MSDS |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Isopropyl nitrate is extremely flammable and burns with a practically invisible flame. This presents unique hazards in its handling. The flame is significantly less luminous than hydrogen or methanol flame and is only visible due to the turbulent hot air it generates.[citation needed] Nevertheless, it is officially classed as safe to transport provided it is labelled as flammable.[6]
Isopropyl nitrate was previously used in a jet engine rapid starting system for military interceptor aircraft (a requirement for fast scrambling, as it provided simultaneous, near-instantaneous engine starting for twin engines) and was known as AVPIN.[7] Early systems, as used on the Gloster Javelin, used a simple pressurising cartridge and had a poor reputation for misfires, including engine-destroying explosions. Nevertheless, Rolls-Royce was able to demonstrate that the fuel is extremely stable and that a cannon shell could be fired through a container of it with no dramatic effect. Isopropyl nitrate was also sold by the Turbonique company under the brand name "Thermolene" as a fuel for their line of turbine-powered "drag axles" and superchargers, during the 1960s.
The exhaust fumes from an AVPIN monopropellant engine may themselves be explosive, if mixed with further air. Although engine starters do not require an air supply for their basic operation, air was supplied to later designs, such as that of the English Electric Lightning, by an automatic scavenge pump simply to control these fumes.[7] The history of AVPIN use on the Lightning demonstrated it was both safe and effective in use. The reduced availability of AVPIN is now a restriction on the continued operation of some preserved military aircraft, such as Lightnings in the UK and South Africa and some are thus being converted to electric starting.[8][9]
It has also been used as a fuel for power supply and actuation in guided weapons, notably in the British Royal Navy.[10]
References
edit- ^ A. Abbott (1980). "The monopropellant isopropyl nitrate – Its characteristics and uses, and possible future applications". 16th Joint Propulsion Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.1980-1293.
- ^ Reich, Hans. "Bordwell pKa table: "Nitroalkanes"". University of Wisconsin Chemistry Department. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
- ^ Matthews, Walter; et al. (1975). "Equilibrium acidities of carbon acids. VI. Establishment of an absolute scale of acidities in dimethyl sulfoxide solution". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (24): 7006. doi:10.1021/ja00857a010.
- ^ Bordwell, F.G. (1975). "Acidities of carbon acids. VII. Conjugation and strain in some cyclopropyl anions". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (24): 7160–7162. doi:10.1021/ja00857a033.
- ^ "Shock initiation and detonability of isopropyl nitrate" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-19. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ^ "Javelin Technical Notes". Archived from the original on 2008-08-21.
- ^ a b "11: Starting and Ignition". The Jet Engine. Rolls-Royce. 1986. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-0-902121-04-1.
- ^ "Thread: XS458 T5 lightning – video: LAST EVER AVPIN Started Runway Runs". boardreader.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
- ^ "Hunters & Lightnings". PPRuNe Forums.
- ^ "Def Stan 91-89 Issue 2" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-08.