The Italian second spring offensive or known as Battle of Ponte Perati in Italy, was an offensive by Italy against Greece from 13 to 23 April 1941, in the final phase of the Greco-Italian War. The Greek army, which had pushed the Italians back into Albania, was forced to retreat due to the rapid success of the German invasion of Greece since 6 April. The retreating Greek forces were attacked by the Italians, who pressed south and recovered southern Albania. The German and Italian pressure brought about the capitulation of the Greek army in Epirus on 22 April.
| Italian second spring offensive | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Greco-Italian War and Battle of Greece of World War II | |||||||||
 Italian soldiers advancing in Albania, April 1941 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Italy |
 Greece | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Ugo Cavallero Carlo Geloso Alessandro Pirzio Biroli |
Alexandros Papagos Georgios Tsolakoglou  Ioannis Pitsikas | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
|
11th Army 9th Army |
Epirus Army Section Western Macedonia Section | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 5,747[1] | Unknown | ||||||||
Background
editAfter the failed Italian spring offensive in March 1941. Mussolini ordered Cavallero, that the Italian forces in Albania must stay on defensive posture as the German invasion of Greece is getting prepared. On April 4, Hitler insisted Mussolini that the Italian defence in Albania would be the outmost importance of the Operation Marita. Since the first weeks of April. The Greek Commander-in-Chief Alexandros Papagos launched attacks towards Elbasan, Berat and Valona. Despite some success, the Greek forces in Albania lost the offensive capacity as the Italian defences was stiffened. As the German invasion of Greece was launched. Cavallero ordered Biroli, commander of the 9th Army to launch an offensive towards Western Macedonia, while Geloso's 11th Army would launch an attack aiming towards Argirocastro.[2]
Battle
editOn 13 April, the Italian forces began the second spring offensive. The Italian offensive was slowed due to the Greek rearguard troops left by the retreating Greeks in Albania. The town of Koritza was taken on 14th, Bilishti on 15th, but Erseke fell on 17th which the Greek troops offered resistance, Klisura fell on the same day. The advance was then aimed towards Leskovik to Ponte Perati, where Italian troops faced opposition from Greek forces. The XXV Army Corps entered the Greek territory on 21 April.[3][4]
Aftermath
editGreece originally surrendered to Germany, which Mussolini protested that Greece is also required to surrender to Italy. General Wilhelm List spoke to Mussolini that another surrender agreement will be drawn with the Italians.
The surrender agreement was formally signed on 23 April. General Tsolakoglou for Greece, General Alfred Jodl for Germany, and General Alberto Ferrero for Italy.[5]
References
editSources
edit- Cervi, Mario (2005). Storia della guerra di Grecia (in Italian). Rizzoli. ISBN 88-17-86640-7.
- Carrier, Richard (2021). Mussolini's Army against Greece: October 1940-April 1941. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-58128-9.