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Itineraries of the Roman emperors, 337–363

This article chronicles the attested movements of the fourth-century Roman emperors Constantine II (referred to here as Constantinus), Constantius II (referred to here as Constantius), Constans, Gallus, and Julian the Apostate from 337 to 363 AD. It does not cover the imperial usurpers of the period, including Magnentius, Vetranio, Claudius Silvanus, and Poemenius.[1] The chronology is principally derived from Timothy Barnes' Athanasius and Constantius.[2] Substantial additions[which?] and further sources[which?] are based on recent research[which?][by whom?] that seeks to go beyond Barnes' own chronology and slightly modifying his at a few places.[which?]

Constantinian family tree, showing Constantius I and his children
Constantinian family tree, showing Constantine I and his children

This article begins its coverage at the death of Constantine on 22 May 337. After an interregnum of three months, during or after which the army and its agents lynched other potential successors, the three sons of Constantine declared themselves Augusti on 9 September 337.[3] Discarding their father's succession arrangements, the brothers divided the empire into three parts.[4][notes 1] Constantine II ruled the provinces of Gaul, Britain, Spain, and Germany from Trier.[6][notes 2] Constantius ruled the provinces of Asia Minor (the dioceses of Pontus and Asia), Thrace, the Levant and Egypt (the Diocese of the East) from Antioch.[8] Constans ruled Italy, Africa, and the dioceses of Pannonia, Dacia, and Macedonia from Naissus.[9]

In 340, Constantinus attempted to seize his brother Constans' territory, and was killed while reconnoitering Ravenna during the ensuing civil war. Constans acquired his territory, and ruled from Trier, Milan, and Sirmium.[10] In January 350, Constans was overthrown at Autun and killed at Elne in a palace revolution instigated by Magnentius. Magnentius was defeated and killed in the summer of 353 at the Battle of Mons Seleucus, making Constantius the sole emperor.[11]

From 351 to 359, Constantius ruled from Sirmium and Milan, and from Constantinople and Antioch.[12] Constantius appointed Gallus Caesar (subordinate emperor) on 15 March 351, and delegated the rule of the eastern provinces to him. Gallus ruled from Antioch.[13] He subsequently proved violent and cruel, and was recalled and executed in autumn 354.[14] Constantius appointed Julian, the last surviving male relative of Constantine other than himself, Caesar on 6 November 355.[15] Julian ruled the western provinces from Vienne, Sens, and Paris.[13] To address Persian influence and aggression on the eastern frontier, Constantius ruled from Antioch from 360 until his death.[12]

Julian's troops proclaimed him Augustus in February 360. Constantius did not recognize Julian's claim to the title, but was detained from campaigning against him by Persian raids. Constantius died on 3 November 361 after declaring Julian his successor.[16] Julian was sole emperor from Constantius' death until his own death in 363.[17] This article ends its coverage at Julian's death on 26 June 363. For a further timeline until 426, consult Matthews, John. Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court A.D. 364–425. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.

The Roman Empire in c. 400

A † indicates that a date or an event is uncertain. A superscript S indicates that the manuscript is corrupt, and has been emended to follow Otto Seeck's corrections in his edition of the Codex Theodosianus.[18] Manuscript details are given in brackets (as "mss. date" or "mss. year", etc.) for all emended texts. Unsourced events are purely conjectural. Note that some are based on triangulation of different sources and can be, as such, somewhat inexact. These cases have been noted.

Constantinus II

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See also: Constantine II
Date Event Source
337, c. September Confers with Constantius and Constans in Pannonia Julian, Oratio 1, 19a, cf. Libanius, Oratio 59.75
338† Campaigns in Germany Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 3.12483 Archived 6 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine = Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 724 + add. (3, p. clxxii);[notes 3] (Troesmis: 337/340)[21]
8 January 339 At Trier†[notes 4] Codex Theodosianus 12.1.27
Late winter 340 Invades the territory of Constans and is killed near Aquileia Jerome, Chronicon 235a; Chronica minora 1.236; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.21; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.5; Zonaras 13.5[notes 5]

Constantius II

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See also: Constantius II
Date Event Source
July† 337[notes 6] At Viminacium Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 5.2
August/September† 337 Campaigns against the Sarmatae Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 3.12483 Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine[notes 7]
337, c. September Confers with Constantinus and Constans in Pannonia Julian, Oratio 1.19a, cf. Libanius Orationes 59.75[notes 8]
September† 337 Returns to Constantinople Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.7
November† 337[notes 9] Returns to Antioch for the winter Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.7, cf. Libanius Orationes 59.75, 66
Spring 338[notes 10] At Caesarea in Cappadocia Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 5.2
Restores Arsaces to the throne of Armenia Julian, Oratio 1.20d–21a, cf. Libanius, Oratio 59,76–80
11 October 338 At Antioch Codex Theodosianus 12.1.23
28 October 338 At Emesa Codex Theodosianus 12.1.25
27 December 338 At Antioch Codex Theodosianus 2.6.4
339, c. January At Antioch Athanasius, Epistula encyclica 2.1; Historia Arianorum 10.1
339 or 340 At Hierapolis[notes 11] Papyri Abinnaeus 1.8–10[notes 12]
Summer 340 Invades Persian territory Itinerarium Alexandri, pr. 1, cf. 4
12 August 340 At Edessa[notes 13] Codex Theodosianus 12.1.30S (place of issue transmitted as Bessae)
9 September 340 At Antioch Codex Theodosianus 6.4.5/6
6 January 341 Attends the 'Dedication Council' at Antioch[notes 14] Athanasius, de Synodis 25.1; Philostorgius p. 212.19–22 Bidez
12 February 341 At Antioch Codex Theodosianus 5.13.1/2
341/2 Winters in Antioch Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.13.5, cf. Jerome Chronicon 235f; Chronica minora 1.236
Early 342 Visits Constantinople to expel the bishop Paul and returns to Antioch immediately after Libanius, Oratio 59.94–97; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.13.7, cf. Jerome Chronicon 235f; Chronica minora 1.236
31 March – 11 May 342 In Antioch Codex Theodosianus 3.12.1; 12.1.33/4 (5, 8 April); 11.36.6
18 February 343 At Antioch Codex Theodosianus 9.21.5
9 June – 4 July 343 In Hierapolis Codex Theodosianus 8.1.1 (319 mss.); 12.1.35 (27 June); 15.8.1
Summer/autumn 343 Wins a victory over the Persians Athanasius, Historia Arianorum 16.2, cf. Festus, Breviarium 27
October/November 343 Visits Constantinople†
344, c. April At Antioch Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.8.56, 9.9–10, cf. Athanasius, Historia Arianorum 20.5
Summer 344† Defeats the Persians near Singara Julian, Oratio 1, 26a; Libanius, Oratio 59.88, 99–120; Jerome, Chronicon 236l; Chronica minora 1.236 (both Jerome and the Chronica minora give the date as 348), cf. Festus, Breviarium 27
345 At Nisibis Codex Theodosianus 11.7.5, cf. Ephraem, Carmina Nisibena 13.4–6, 14/5
Summer 345 At Edessa Athanasius, Apologia contra Arianos 51.6
21 March 346 At Antioch Codex Theodosianus 10.14.1S (315 mss.)
346, c. September At Antioch Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 5.2; Historia Arianorum 44.5, Historia acephala 1.2; Festal Index 17; Jerome, Chronicon 236e
8 March 347 At Ancyra Codex Theodosianus 11.36.8
347†, spring[notes 15] Themistius delivers an imperial panegyric before Constantius at Ancyra[notes 16] Themistius, Oratio 1
11 May 347 At Hierapolis† Codex Theodosianus 5.6.1
348†, summer Engages the Persians in battle near Singara Festus, Breviarium 27
1 April 349 At Antioch Codex Theodosianus 12.1.39
Summer 349 At Singara, then Emesa Athanasius, Historia Arianorum 7.3
3 October 349 At Constantinople† Codex Theodosianus 12.2.1 +15.1.6
Spring 350 At Edessa Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.22
Summer 350 At Antioch while Shapur II besieges Nisibis Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.30.1, 9/10, 31.1
Visits Nisibis after the siege Zonaras 13.7
Autumn 350 Leaves Antioch heading west Philostorgius, p. 215.22–24 Bidez
Travels via Heraclea to Serdica Zonaras 13.7
25 December 350 Engineers the abdication of Vetranio at Naissus Jerome, Chronicon 238c (place and year); Chronica minora 1.238 (day, year falsely given as 351); Zosimus 2.44.3/4
15 March 351 Proclaims Gallus Caesar at Sirmium Chronica minora 1.238
Summer and autumn 351 In Sirmium before and during the campaign against Magnentius Sulpicius Severus, Chron. 2.38.5–7; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.28.23; Zosimus 2.45.3, 48.3
351, October† Present at the Second Council of Sirmium which deposed Photinus Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.28.23, 29.1
26 February 352 At Sirmium Codex Justinianus 6.22.5
12 May 352 At Sirmium Codex Theodosianus 3.5.1S (319 mss.)
Summer 352 Campaign against the Sarmatae†
352, September† Enters Italy Chronica minora 1.67[notes 17]
3 November 352 At Milan Codex Theodosianus 15.14.5
Spring–summer 353 In Milan Historia acephala 1.7, cf. Festal Index 25; Codex Theodosianus 11.1.6 + 12.1.42 (22 May: year emended from 354), 16.8.7S (3 July: 357 mss.)
353, c. October – 354, Spring Winters in Arles Ammianus 14.5.1; Codex Theodosianus 8.7.2S (3 November: 326 mss.); Ammianus 14.10.1
Spring 354 At Valentia Ammianus 14.10.1/2
Crosses the Rhine at Rauracum Ammianus 14.10.6
Autumn 354 – spring 355 Winters in Milan Ammianus 14.10.16; Codex Theodosianus 11.34.2 (1 January); Codex Justinianus 6.22.6 (18 February)
355, c. June Conducts expedition into Raetia Ammianus 15.4.1
Goes to winter quarters in Milan Ammianus 15.4.13, cf. Sulpicius Severus, Chron. 2.39.3, 8 (Council of Milan)
6 July 355 – 5 July 356 In Milan Codex Theodosianus 14.3.2; Codex Theodosianus 12.1.43 (17 July 355); 1.5.5 (18 July 355); 6.29.1 (22 July 355); 12.12.1 (1 August 355); 9.34.6 (31 October 355); 16.10.6 (19 February 356); 9.42.2 (8 March 356); 11.16.8S (1 April 356: 357 mss.); 11.16.7 (2 April 356); 6.4.8–10 (11 April 356); 6.29.2S (17 April 356: 357 mss.); 13.10.3S (29 April 356: 357 mss.); 9.17.4S = Codex Justinianus 9.19.4S (13 June 356: 357 mss.); Codex Theodosianus 8.5.8S (24 June 356: 357 mss.); 1.2.7 (5 July 356)
6 November 355 Proclaims Julian Caesar at Milan Ammianus 15.8.17; Chronica minora 1.238; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 12, p. 277; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.34.5
1 December 355 Escorts Julian out of Milan, then returns to the city Ammianus 15.8.18
Summer and autumn 356 Campaigns against the Alamanni on the Upper Rhine Ammianus 16.12.15/6
25 July 356 At Messadensis[notes 18] Codex Theodosianus 11.30.25S (355 mss.)
2 September 356 At Dinumma[notes 19] Codex Theodosianus 11.7.8S (355 mss.)
10 November 356 – 19 March 357 In Milan Codex Theodosianus 16.2.13S (357 mss.); 9.16.5S (4 December 356: 357 mss.); 8.7.7S (27 December: a date in 357 is implied); 12.12.2 (15 January 357); 9.17.4 (15 January 357: 'id.Iun.' mss.); 9.16.4 (25 January 357); 15.1.1S (2 February 357: 320 mss.); 10.20.2S (358 mss.)
28 April 357 Enters Rome Chronica minora 1.239
28 April – 29 May 357 In Rome Ammianus 16.10.20 (length of stay); Codex Theodosianus 8.1.5 (6 May 357); 10.1.2S (17 May 357: 319 mss.)
7 or 10 June 357 At Helvillum[notes 20] Codex Theodosianus 1.5.6 + 7
5 July 357 At Ariminum Codex Theodosianus 9.16.6S (358 mss.)
21 July 357 At Ravenna Codex Theodosianus 12.1.40S (353 mss.)
Passes through Tridentum on the way to the Danube Ammianus 16.10.20
Visits Pannonia and Moesia Zosimus 3.2.2; Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 279d
October 357 – 3 March 358 Winters in Sirmium Ammianus 16.10.21; 17.12.1; Codex Theodosianus 8.5.10 (27 October 357: transmitted year either 357 or 358); 1.15.3S (3 December 357: 353 mss.); 7.4.3, 11.30.27 (18 December 357); 2.21.2S (18 December 357: 360 mss.); 9.42.4 (4 January 357); Codex Justinianus 3.26.8
April 358 Invades the territory of the Sarmatae Limigantes Ammianus 17.12.4–6
Returns in triumph to Sirmium Ammianus 13.3.33
21–23 June 358 In Sirmium Codex Theodosianus 12.1.44 + 45 (21 June 358); 8.13.4, 11.36.13 (23 June 358)
27 June 358 At Mursa Codex Theodosianus 12.1.46
358, c. October – 359, c. March Winters in Sirmium Ammianus 18.4.1; 19.11.1; Codex Theodosianus 2.21.1 (19 December 358)
Spring 359 Begins a campaign against the Sarmatae Ammianus 19.11.2
In the province of Valeria Ammianus 19.11.4
Defeats the Limigantes near Acimincum Ammianus 19.11.5–16
Returns to Sirmium Ammianus 19.11.17
22 May 359 At Sirmium Codex Theodosianus 6.4.14 + 15; Athanasius, de Synodicus 8.3; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.37.18
28 May 359 At Sirmium Codex Theodosianus 1.7.1
18 June 359 At Singidunum Codex Theodosianus 11.30.28
† At Adrianople† Athanasius, de Synodicus 55.2/3 (implies intent to visit)
Autumn 359 Goes to Constantinople for the winter Ammianus 19.11.17; 20.8.1; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.41.1; Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.23.3, cf. Chronica minora 1.239 (implies Constantius' presence in Constantinople before 11 December 359)
December 359 – March 360 In Constantinople Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.23.4–7 (late December 359 – 1 January 360); Hilary, Ad Constantium 2.2 (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 65.198.9/10), cf. Jerome, de Virus Illustribus 100; Codex Theodosianus 4.13.4S; 11.36.10S (18 January 360: 356 and 354 mss.); 11.24.1 (4 February 360); 14.1.1S (24 February 360: 357 mss.); 7.4.5S (14 March 360: 359 mss.)
360, March† At Caesarea in Cappadocia, receiving news that Julian has been proclaimed Augustus Ammianus 20.9.1
Travels via Melitene, Lacotena, and Samosata to Edessa Ammianus 20.11.4
After 21 September 360 Leaves Edessa Ammianus 20.11.4
Visits Amida Ammianus 20.11.4/5
Besieges Bezabde Ammianus 20.11.6–31
17 December 360 At Hierapolis Codex Theodosianus 7.4.6S (17 May mss.)
Late December 360 – 361, c. March Winters in Antioch Ammianus 20.11.32; Codex Theodosianus 16.2.16 (14 February 361); Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.45.10
3 May 361 At Gephyra Codex Theodosianus 1.6.1, 28.1; 6.4.12, 13; 7.8.1; 11.1.7, 15.1, 23.1; 12.1.48; 13.1.3; 15.1.7 (all extracts from the same law)
29 May 361 At Doliche Codex Theodosianus 7.4.4S (358 mss.: place of issue written as Doridae)
Crosses the Euphrates at Capersana, goes to Edessa, and later returns to Hierapolis (or perhaps Nicopolis) Ammianus 21.7.7, 13.8
Autumn 361 Briefly returns to Antioch Ammianus 21.15.1/2
October 361 At Hippocephalus Ammianus 21.15.2
Falls ill at Tarsus Ammianus 21.15.2
3 November 361 Dies at Mopsucrenae in Cilicia Jerome, Chronicon 242b; Ammianus 21.15.3 (date emended from 5 October); Chronica minora 1.240; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.47.4; 3.1.1

Constans

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See also: Constans
Date Event Source
337, c. September Confers with Constantinus and Constantius in Pannonia Julian, Oratio 1, 19a, cf. Libanius, Oratio 59.75
6 December 337 At Thessalonica Codex Theodosianus 11.1.4; 11.7.8S (353 mss.)
338/346[notes 21] Campaign against the Sarmatae Corpus Incriptionum Latinarum 3.12483
12 June 338 At Viminacium Codex Theodosianus 10.10.4
27 July 338 At Sirmium Codex Theodosianus 15.1.5; Codex Justinianus 10.48.7
339†, 6 April At Savaria Codex Theodosianus 10.10.6S (342 mss.)
19 January 340 – 2 February 340 At Naissus Codex Theodosianus 12.1.29; 10.10.5
Hears of Constantinus' invasion of his territory while in Dacia Zonaras 13.5
9 April 340 At Aquileia Codex Theodosianus 2.6.5; 10.15.3
25 June 340 At Milan Codex Theodosianus 9.17.1
340† Visits Rome† Passio Artemii 9 = Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.1A
24 June 341 At Lauriacum Codex Theodosianus 8.2.1 = 12.1.31
Late 341 Campaigns against the Franci in Gaul Jerome, Chronicon 235b; Chronica minora 1.236
342 Wins a victory over the Franci and signs a treaty with them Libanius, Oratio 59.127–136; Jerome, Chronicon 235e; Chronica minora 1.236; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.13.4
Summer 342 In Trier Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.18
Autumn 342 Interviews Athanasius in Milan Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 4.3
4 December 342 At Milan Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3
25 January 343 At Bononia Codex Theodosianus 11.16.5, cf. Codex Justinianus 3.26.6
Crosses to Britain in winter Firmicus Maternus, De errore profanarum religionum 28.6; Libanius, Oratio 59.137–140; Ammianus 20.1.1
Spring 343 Returns from Britain to Gaul soon after his departure Libanius, Oratio 59.139, 141
30 June 343 At Trier Codex Theodosianus 12.1.36
Summer 343 Interviews Athanasius in Trier Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 4.4, cf. 3.7
Autumn 344 In Pannonia Libanius, Oratio 59.133
Early 345 Receives an embassy from Constantius at Poetovio Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 3.3
7 April 345 At Aquileia at Easter, where he interviews Athanasius Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 15.4, cf. 3.7; Festal Index 17
15 May 345 At Trier Codex Theodosianus 10.10.7
9 June or 11 July 345 At Cologne Codex Theodosianus 3.5.7
Autumn† 345 Interviews Athanasius in Trier Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 4.5, cf. 3.7
346†, 5 March At Sirmium Codex Theodosianus 10.10.8S (353 mss.)
23 May 346 At Caesena Codex Theodosianus 12.1.38
17 June 348 At Milan Codex Theodosianus 10.14.2
27 May 349 At Sirmium Codex Theodosianus 7.1.2 + 8.7.3
350, shortly after 18 January Killed at Helena in Gaul Eutropius, Breviarium 10.9.4; Jerome, Chronicon 237c; Chronica minora 1.237; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.23; Zosimus 2.42.5

Gallus

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See also: Constantius Gallus
Date Event Source
15 March 351 Proclaimed Caesar at Sirmium Chronica minora 1.238 (day); Passio Artemii 12 = Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.26a
7 May 351 Reaches Antioch Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.28.22
Campaigns in Mesopotamia† Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.28
Summer 352 Suppresses a Jewish rebellion in Galilee Jerome, Chronicon 238f
Late summer 353 – spring 354 At Antioch Ammianus 14.1.4–9, 7.1–4
354, c. March Visits Hierapolis Ammianus 14.7.5
354, c. 1 September Leaves Antioch Ammianus 14.11.12
14–30 September 354 At Nicomedia† Papyri Laurentius 169 (consular date of 354 restored)
Stripped of his imperial rank at Poetovio Ammianus 14.11.19/20
October 354 Tried and executed near Pola Ammianus 14.11.20–30

Julian

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See also: Julian the Apostate
Date Event Source
6 November 355 Proclaimed Caesar at Milan Ammianus 15.8.7; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 12, p. 277; Chronica minora 1.238; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.34.5
6–30 November 355 At Milan Ammianus 15.8.18
1 December 355 Leaves Milan Ammianus 15.8.18
Travels via Turin to Vienne Ammianus 15.8.18–21
December 355 – spring 356 At Vienne Ammianus 16.1.1, 2.1
April/May 356 Present at the Council of Baeterrae† Hilary, Ad Constantium 2 (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 65.198.5–15)
24 June 356 Reaches Autun Ammianus 16.2.2
Passes through Auxerre Ammianus 16.2.5
Advances via Troyes, Reims, Decem Pagi, Brotomagus Ammianus 16.2.6–8
356, c. August Recaptures Cologne Ammianus 16.3.1/2, cf. Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 279b
Visits Trier Ammianus 16.3.3
356/7 Winters at Sens Ammianus 16.3.3, 7.1, 11.1
Spring 357 Goes to Reims Ammianus 16.11.1
Marches toward Strasbourg and wins a victory over the Alamanni Ammianus 16.11.8–12.67
Returns to Tres Tabernae Ammianus 17.1.1
Goes to Mainz Ammianus 17.1.2
Conducts raid across the Rhine Ammianus 17.1.2/3
December 357 – January 358 Besieges barbarians at a fortified town on the Meuse for 54 days Ammianus 17.2.2/3
January–July 358 Winters in Paris Ammianus 17.2.4, 8.1
July–autumn 358 Campaigns against the Salian Franci in Toxandria Ammianus 17.8.3–10.10
1 January 359 In winter quarters at Paris Ammianus 18.1.1
Strengthens the Rhine frontier from Castra Herculis to Bingen Ammianus 18.2.4
Crosses the Rhine from Mainz and conducts a raid into German territory Ammianus 18.2.7–19
1 January 360 In winter quarters at Paris Ammianus 20.1.1
360, February† Proclaimed Augustus at Paris Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 283a–285a; Ammianus 20.4.4–22; Zosimus 3.9.1–3
Summer 360 Crosses the Rhine at Tricesima and attacks the Franci Attuarii Ammianus 20.10.1/2
Autumn 360 Marches up the left bank of the Rhine to Rauracum, then via Besançon to Vienne Ammianus 20.10.3
6 November 360 – 361, c. March Winters at Vienne Ammianus 20.10.3; 21.1 (6 November 360); 21.2.5 (6 January 361), 3.1
Spring 361 Attacks Germans, crosses the Rhine, and goes to Rauracum Ammianus 21.3.3–4.8, 8.1
Leaves Rauracum, advances up the Rhine, then down the Danube Ammianus 21.8.1–10.2
Mid-July 361 Continues advancing down the Danube via Sirmium as far as the Pass of Succi Ammianus 21.8.1–10.2
Returns to Naissus Ammianus 21.20.5
At Naissus Ammianus 21.12.1; Zosimus 3.11.2
After receiving news of Constantius' death, leaves Naissus and travels via Philippopolis and Heraclea/Perinthus to Constantinople Ammianus 21.12.3; 22.2
11 December 361 Enters Constantinople Ammianus 22.2.4; Chronica minora 1.240; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.1.2
c. May 362 Sets out for Antioch Ammianus 22.9.2
Winter 362 Julian winters at Antioch, planning the campaign on the Sassanian front Ammianus 23.2.6
March 5 363 Julian sets out on his campaign from Antioch, makes it to Hierapolis in his first stage Ammianus 23.2.6
March 27 363 Julian arrives in Kallinikos Ammianus 23.3.7
Beginning of April 363 Julian enters Kirkesion Ammianus 23.5.1
April to June 26 363 Julian continues his campaign eastward, until he dies on the battlefield on 26 June 363 Ammianus 25.3.21, 22

References

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Ancient sources

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  • Ammianus Marcellinus. Res Gestae.
  • Yonge, Charles Duke, trans. Roman History. London: Bohn, 1862. Online at Tertullian. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Rolfe, J.C., trans. History. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1939–52. Online at LacusCurtius. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Hamilton, Walter, trans. The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354–378). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986. [Abridged edition]
  • Athanasius of Alexandria.
  • Festal Index.
  • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Festal Letters. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Epistula encyclica (Encyclical letter). Summer 339.[51]
  • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Encyclical letter. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Apologia Contra Arianos (Defense against the Arians). 349.[51]
  • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia Contra Arianos. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Apologia ad Constantium (Defense before Constantius). 353.[52]
  • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia ad Constantium. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Historia Arianorum (History of the Arians). 357.[52]
  • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Historia Arianorum. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  • De Synodis (On the Councils of Arminium and Seleucia). Autumn 359.[52]
  • Newman, John Henry and Archibald Robertson, trans. De Synodis. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  • Historia acephala. 368 – c. 420.[53]
  • Robertson, Archibald, trans. Historia Acephala. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  • Chronica minora 1, 2.
  • Mommsen, T., ed. Chronica Minora saec. IV, V, VI, VII 1, 2 (in Latin). Monumenta Germaniae Historia, Auctores Antiquissimi 9, 11. Berlin, 1892, 1894. Online at "Bayerische StaatsBibliothek". Archived from the original on 8 July 2012.. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Codex Theodosianus.
  • Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London and the University of Grenoble. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  • Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Codex Justinianus.
  • Scott, Samuel P., trans. The Code of Justinian, in The Civil Law. 17 vols. 1932. Online at the Constitution Society. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Ephraem the Syrian. Carmina Nisibena (Songs of Nisibis).
  • Stopford, J.T. Sarsfield, trans. The Nisibene Hymns. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 13. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Bickell, Gustav, trans. S. Ephraemi Syri Carmina Nisibena: additis prolegomenis et supplemento lexicorum Syriacorum (in Latin). Lipetsk: Brockhaus, 1866. Online at Google Books. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Epitome de Caesaribus.
  • Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores. Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Eusebius of Caesarea.
  • Oratio de Laudibus Constantini (Oration in Praise of Constantine, sometimes the Tricennial Oration).
  • Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Oration in Praise of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  • Vita Constantini (Life of Constantine).
  • Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Festus. Breviarium.
  • Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People. Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Firmicus Maternus. De errore profanarum religionum (On the error of profane religions).
  • Baluzii and Rigaltii, eds. Divi Cæcilii Cypriani, Carthaginensis Episcopi, Opera Omnia; accessit J. Firmici Materni, Viri Clarissimi, De Errore Profanarum Religionum (in Latin). Paris: Gauthier Brothers and the Society of Booksellers, 1836. Online at Google Books. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Hilary of Poitiers. Ad Constantium (To Constantius).
  • Feder, Alfred Leonhard, ed. S. Hilarii episcopi Pictaviensis Tractatus mysteriorum. Collectanea Antiariana Parisina (fragmenta historica) cum appendice (liber I Ad Constantium). Liber ad Constantium imperatorem (Liber II ad Constantium). Hymni. Fragmenta minora. Spuria (in Latin). In the Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Vol. 65. Vienna: Tempsky, 1916.
  • Itinerarium Alexandri (Itinerary of Alexander).
  • Mai, Angelo, ed. Itinerarium Alexandri ad Constantium Augustum, Constantini M. Filium (in Latin). Regiis Typis, 1818. Online at Google Books. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Davies, Iolo, trans. Itinerary of Alexander. 2009. Online at DocStoc[permanent dead link‍]. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Jerome.
  • Chronicon (Chronicle).
  • Pearse, Roger, et al., trans. The Chronicle of St. Jerome, in Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts. Tertullian, 2005. Online at Tertullian. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • de Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men).
  • Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men). From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Julian.
  • Wright, Wilmer Cave, trans. Works of the Emperor Julian. 3 vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1913. Online at the Internet Archive: Vol. 1, 2, 3.
  • Libanius. Oratio 59 (Oration 59).
  • M.H. Dodgeon, trans. The Sons of Constantine: Libanius Or. LIX. In From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views, A Source History, edited by S.N.C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat, 164–205. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-09336-8
  • Origo Constantini Imperatoris.
  • Rolfe, J.C., trans. Excerpta Valesiana, in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' History. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at LacusCurtius. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Papyri Abinnaeus.
  • The Abinnaeus Archive: Papers of a Roman Officer in the Reign of Constantius II (in Greek). Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri. Online at Perseus and the Duke Data Bank[permanent dead link‍]. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Papyri Laurentius.
  • Philostorgius. Historia Ecclesiastica.
  • Walford, Edward, trans. Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at Tertullian. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  • Socrates. Historia Ecclesiastica (History of the Church).
  • Zenos, A.C., trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Sozomen. Historia Ecclesiastica (History of the Church).
  • Hartranft, Chester D. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  • Sulpicius Severus. Sacred History.
  • Roberts, Alexander, trans. Sacred History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 11. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1894. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Theodoret. Historia Ecclesiastica (History of the Church).
  • Jackson, Blomfield, trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Themistius. Orationes (Orations).
  • Zosimos. Historia Nova (New History).
  • Unknown trans. The History of Count Zosimus. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian. Retrieved 28 December 2014. [An unsatisfactory edition. Consult TLG version for original language]
  • Unknown trans. Histoire Nouvelle and ΖΩΣΙΜΟΥ ΚΟΜΙΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΦΙΣΚΟΣΥΝΗΓΟΡΟΥ (in French and Greek). Online at the Catholic University of Louvain Archived 1 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 December 2014.

Modern sources

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  • Barnes, Timothy D. "Imperial Chronology, A.D. 337–350." Phoenix 34:2 (1980): 160–66.
  • Barnes, Timothy D. "The Career of Abinnaeus." Phoenix 39:4 (1985): 368–74.
  • Barnes, Timothy D. "Ammianus Marcellinus and His World." Classical Philology 88:1 (1993): 55–70.
  • Barnes, Timothy D. Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
  • Callu, Jean-Paul. "Un 'Miroir des Princes': Le 'Basilikos' libanien de 348" (in French). Gerión 5 (1987): 133–52. Online at the Universidad Complutense Madrid Archived 2 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey. London: Basil Blackwell, 1964, 3 vols.; rept. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1986, 2 vols.
  • Matthews, John. The Roman Empire of Ammianus. London: Duckworth, 1989.
  • Heather, Peter, and David Moncur, ed. and trans. Politics, Philosophy, and Empire in the Fourth Century: Selected Orations of Themistius. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2002.
  • Seeck, Otto. Die Briefe des Libanius zeitlich geordnet (in German). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1906. Online at the Internet Archive. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  • Vanderspoel, John. Themistius and the Imperial Court: Oratory, Civic Duty, and Paideia from Constantius to Theodosius. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.

Notes

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  1. ^ The original succession plan would have had Dalmatius rule the dioceses of Thrace, Macedonia, and Hannibalianus rule Armenia and neighboring allied nations. Both were now dead.[5]
  2. ^ Constantinus had ruled from Trier before 337 as well.[7]
  3. ^ Constantius' titles in the inscription are Al[aman(nicus) ma]x. G[erm(anicus) max.], whereas he was merely Alaman(nicus) in an inscription dated to c. February 337,[19] implying that he won a victory over the Germans in a campaign in spring 337 or after.[20]
  4. ^ The Codex Theodosianus 12.1.27 is a constitution addressed to Aurelius Celsinus, proconsul of Africa, which was not formally within Constantinus' dominions, but Constans'. The accuracy of the letter's date has therefore been challenged. Aurelius Celsinus was, however, proconsul of Africa from 337 to 340 (Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 8.12272), and so the constitution may thus represent an attempt by Constantinus to assert his self-proclaimed primacy in the imperial college.[22]
  5. ^ Zosimus (2.41) falsely describes Constans as the aggressor.[23]
  6. ^ Barnes elsewhere dates this event—Athanasius' meeting with Constantius—to c. August.[24] After the meeting, Athanasius left Viminacium and traveled to Alexandria by way of Constantinople. He arrived on 23 November 337.[25]
  7. ^ The inscription, dated to 340, shows that Constantius took the title Sarmaticus at some time between 337 and that year.[26]
  8. ^ Jean-Paul Callu dates the meeting between Constantius and Constans to which Libanius refers to 340, after Constantinus' death, since Libanius is otherwise silent on the "triarchic period".[27]
  9. ^ Barnes' earlier date for this event was "337, late".[28]
  10. ^ Barnes was less confident about this dating in his "Imperial Chronology", where it was marked with a "?".[28] Barnes argues for the spring dating, without confirmatory data, on the basis of the itineraries of Athanasius and Constantius in this period.[29]
  11. ^ Barnes states that the Hierapolis referred to is Hierapolis in Syria.[30]
  12. ^ According to his papers, Abinnaeus visited the imperial court at Hierapolis with recruits from the Thebaid. The meeting occurred between two events whose date is known: on the one hand, Abinnaeus' earlier travels with the Blemmyes from Egypt's southern border to the Bosphorus, and, on the other, his command at Dionysias. Abinnaeus is attested at Dionysias from 29 March 342.[31] Barnes, from Eusebius' Vita Constantini, deduces that the trip to Constantinople with the Blemmyes occurred in the summer of 336.[32] Since Constantius' precise whereabouts are not known for any point between 27 December 338 and 12 August 340,[33] Barnes dates the emperor's meeting with Abinnaeus to this period.[34]
  13. ^ Barnes was less confident about this identification in his "Imperial Chronology," where it was written as "Edessa?".[28]
  14. ^ Barnes cites W. Elteser, Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der alten Kirche 36 (1937) 254f. on the date; E. Schwartz, Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der alten Kirche 34 (1935) 142, had dated the council to autumn 341.[35]
  15. ^ A date of c. 350 is also possible.[36] Like most contemporary panegyrics, the Oratio 1 makes few overt references to political events.[37] Richard Foerster, the compiler of the modern edition of Libanius' works, Libanii Opera (1903), argued for a date in the 340s on the belief that Libanius wrote his Oratio 59 after seeing Themistius' speech. Foerster dated Oratio 59 to 348/9, a dating most scholars have since followed. Foerster adduced the attestation at Ancyra (where the speech was known to have been delivered) in the Codex Theodosianus 11.36.8 (see entry above) in favor of a 347 date.[38] In response to Foerter's view, Otto Seeck argued that since Constans is not mentioned, it must have been delivered after his death. The attestation in the Codex Theodosianus was not decisive, since Constantius would have passed Ancyra whenever he traveled through Asia Minor. Given that the only other date Constantius could have traveled along this path was in the Autumn of 350,[39] Seeck held that to be the only other plausible dating.[40] Most twentieth-century scholars followed Seeck.[41] Barnes and the scholar John Vanderspoel take the 347 date.[42] Although Barnes considers Foerster's premise on Themistius' influence on Libanius "erroneous", the absence of any remarks on the usurpations in the west makes a 350 dating untenable.[43] Vanderspoel argues that Themistius' allusion to the destruction of the Persian king by "the virtue of the emperor shining nearby",[44] when compared with the catalog of Roman victories against the Persians that occurred while Constantius was merely nearby, and not personally involved, points to a date between the two sieges of Singara in 346 and 348.[45]
  16. ^ Callu, following H. Scholze, has noted that the localization in Ancyra is given only in the title of the oration, and is thus of dubious value.[46]
  17. ^ Naeratius Cerealis became praefectus urbi on 27 September 352. Constantius would have been in attendance.[47]
  18. ^ Messadensis is otherwise unknown.[48]
  19. ^ Dinumma is otherwise unknown.[48]
  20. ^ The manuscripts record both Haerbillio and Med[iolani]. Mommsen (in his edition of the Codex Theodosianus at 1.5.6 + 7) identified the location as Helvillum on the Via Flaminia between Spoletium and Ariminum.[49]
  21. ^ The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, following Gothofredus and Mommsen, emends the year to 346.[50]

Citations

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  1. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 310 n. 3, with the note that Poemenius probably never claimed the title of Augustus.
  2. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 218–28.
  3. ^ Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 112.
  4. ^ Barnes, "Imperial Chronology," 160.
  5. ^ Epitome de Caesaribus 41.20; Origo Constantini Imperatoris 35; Barnes, "Imperial Chronology," 160.
  6. ^ Jones, Later Roman Empire, 112; Barnes, Athanasius, 218.
  7. ^ Barnes, "Imperial Chronology," 161, citing Eusebius, Triac. 3.4.
  8. ^ Jones, Later Roman Empire, 112; Barnes, Athanasius, 219.
  9. ^ Jones, Later Roman Empire, 112; Barnes, Athanasius, 224.
  10. ^ Jones, Later Roman Empire, 112–13; Barnes, Athanasius, 224.
  11. ^ Jones, Later Roman Empire, 112–13.
  12. ^ a b Barnes, Athanasius, 219.
  13. ^ a b Barnes, Athanasius, 226.
  14. ^ Jones, Later Roman Empire, 116.
  15. ^ Jones, Later Roman Empire, 117.
  16. ^ Ammianus 21.15.3. John Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus (London: Duckworth, 1989), 101, treats the account with skepticism: "Whether truthfully or by a useful fiction, he was said while his mind was still lucid to have named Julian as his successor." The date is that of Jones (Later Roman Empire, 120) and Barnes (Athanasius, 224). See table; Barnes, "Ammianus Marcellinus," 64–65.
  17. ^ Matthews, Ammianus, 105.
  18. ^ Barnes, "Imperial Itineraries," 161.
  19. ^ Barnes, "Imperial Chronology," 161 n. 8, citing Année Épigraphique 1934.158 Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ^ Barnes, "Imperial Chronology," 161 n. 8, citing idem. "The Victories of Constantine," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 20 (1976): 149–55.
  21. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 310–11 n. 4, citing and reproducing the inscription in E. Popescu, Inscripţiile greceşti şi latine din secolele IV–XIII descoperite în România (Bucarest, 1976), 251 no. 238.
  22. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 311 n. 5.
  23. ^ Barnes, "Imperial Chronology," 161 n. 9.
  24. ^ Barnes, "Imperial Chronology," 162 n. 11; cf. Athanasius, 219.
  25. ^ Festal Index 10; Barnes, Athanasius, 311 n. 8.
  26. ^ Barnes, "Imperial Chronology," 162 n. 10.
  27. ^ Callu, 138 n. 26.
  28. ^ a b c Barnes, "Imperial Chronology," 162.
  29. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 42.
  30. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 96
  31. ^ Papyri Abinnaeus 44; Barnes, "Abinnaeus," 369, 370.
  32. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini 4.7.1 (July 336); Barnes, "Abinnaeus," 369–70.
  33. ^ See table.
  34. ^ Barnes, "Abinnaeus," 370.
  35. ^ Barnes, "Imperial Chronology," 163.
  36. ^ Heather and Moncur, 43; Vanderspoel, 71–77.
  37. ^ Heather and Moncur, 43.
  38. ^ Vanderspoel, 73, citing Foerster, Libanii Opera (1903), 4.201–2.
  39. ^ Callu, 136 n. 18, citing G. Dagron, "L'Empire au IVe S. et les traditions politiques de l'héllenisme," in Travaux et Mémoires 3 (1968), 20 n. 9.
  40. ^ Vanderspoel, 73, citing Otto Seeck, Die Briefe des Libanius zeitlich geordnet (Leipzig, 1906), 293–94.
  41. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 313 n. 21; Vanderspoel, Themistius, 73.
  42. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 220, 313 n. 21; Vanderspoel, Themistius, 76–77.
  43. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 313 n. 21.
  44. ^ Themistius, Oratio 1.12a–b, qtd. and tr. Vanderspoel, 74.
  45. ^ Vanderspoel, 75–76.
  46. ^ Callu, 135–36, citing H. Scholze, De temporibus librorun Themistii (Göttingen, 1911), 9–11.
  47. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 221.
  48. ^ a b Barnes, Athanasius, 314 n. 34.
  49. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 314 n. 36.
  50. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 315 n. 45, citing A.H.M. Jones, J.R. Martindale, and J. Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire 1: A.D. 260–395 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), 764.
  51. ^ a b Barnes, Athanasius, xi.
  52. ^ a b c Barnes, Athanasius, xii.
  53. ^ Barnes, Athanasius, 4.
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