James Wheeler Woodford Birch, commonly known as J. W. W. Birch (3 April 1826 – 2 November 1875) was a British colonial official who was assassinated in the Malay state of Perak in 1875, an event that led to the outbreak of the Perak War and ultimately to the extension of British political influence over the Malay Peninsula.
James Wheeler Woodford Birch | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 1st British Resident of Perak | |
| In office 4 November 1874 – 2 November 1875 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Frank A. Swettenham |
| 2nd Colonial Secretary of Straits Settlements | |
| In office 6 June 1870[1] – 4 November 1874 | |
| Monarch | Queen Victoria |
| Governor | Harry St. George Ord Edward Anson Harry St. George Ord Edward Anson Andrew Clarke |
| Preceded by | Ronald MacPherson |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Braddell (Acting) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 3 April 1826 |
| Died | 2 November 1875 (aged 49) Pasir Salak, Perak, British Malaya |
| Manner of death | Assassination |
Background
editBorn in 1826, Birch served for a short period in the Royal Navy before joining the Roads Department in Ceylon in 1846. His career in Ceylon was successful, and on 6 June 1870[1] he was transferred to Singapore to take up the position of Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements.[2]
Following the Pangkor Engagement, under which Raja Abdullah had agreed to accept a British political agent to be known as a "Resident" at his court, Birch was appointed to the post on 4 November 1874 as the government custodian to the Sultan of Perak.
Assassination
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Birch became involved in the institution of slavery in Malaysia during his stay there, which ultimately resulted in his assassination. A Malay deputation entreated with Governor-General Andrew Clarke in Singapore "to prevent the Resident from interfering with religion and custom, from acting without consulting Sultan and chiefs, and from depriving them of their property, namely fugitive slaves and feudal dues." Clarke had already observed on 25 March 1875 that, "I am very much annoyed with Birch and the heads-over-heels way in which he does things; he and I will come to sorrow yet, if he does not mind." Due to unfavourable responses, on 21 July 1875 Raja Abdullah called a meeting of chiefs where after discussing poisoning Birch, they accepted Maharaja Lela's offer to stab Birch to death.[3]
Birch was killed on 2 November 1875 by followers of a local Malay chief, Maharaja Lela, including Sepuntum, who speared him to death while he was in the bath-house of his boat, SS Dragon, moored on the Perak river-bank below the Maharaja Lela's house, in Pasir Salak, near today's Teluk Intan (Teluk Anson).[4]
While experienced in the affairs of colonial government, he was never comfortable speaking Malay, he also aroused the hostility of several Perakian chiefs due to the new taxation collection system and his enforcement of public humiliation to enforce his authority such as burning homes and ordering the surrender of arms and slaves.[5]
Sultan Abdullah, who was also believed to have had some complicity in the assassination, was deposed and exiled to Seychelles. His rival Raja Yusuf[6] was installed as sultan in his place.[citation needed]
In the aftermath of the event, the administration shifted to Taiping. A new Resident, Sir Hugh Low, was appointed and went about his administration of Perak in a more diplomatic way. Whilst still banning outright slavery, he gradually phased out debt-slavery and assuaged the feelings of the ruler and chieftains by allowing for adequate monthly compensation to them.[citation needed]
Historical interpretations of Birch's assassination
editMalaysian historian Cheah Boon Kheng argues that while "in present-day Malaysian school history textbooks," Birch's assassination "is presented as an anti-colonial uprising, in which almost all the Perak Malays participated", in fact the political situation in Perak was more complex, with deep divisions between supporters of the two rival claimants to the throne of Perak, Raja Abdullah and Raja Ismail.[7] Cheah argues that Maharaja Lela's actions in contributing to Birch's death must be understood in the context of Malay feudal rivalries and not as an early example of resistance to imperialism.
Memorial
editBirch's grave is located near the site of the British fort at Kampung Memali, about 24 km from Pasir Salak. His grave is now covered by a palm oil estate. The Birch Memorial Clock Tower was built in 1909 and still stands in front of the Ipoh State Mosque. One of the 44 figures on the clock, an image of Muhammad, was painted over in the 1990s due to religious sensitivities.[8] Roads in Kuala Lumpur and Taiping were thought to have been named after him (Birch Road), but this was for a different Birch (namely, his eldest son Ernest Woodford Birch, also a Resident of Perak). The same road was renamed Maharajalela Road (Malay: Jalan Maharajalela) after Malaya's independence in 1957. Similarly, there are Birch Roads in several towns in Malaysia (Seremban, Penang and Ipoh) and in Singapore.
Drama and film
editMalaysian dramatist Kee Thuan Chye's 1994 book We Could Kill You, Mr Birch is a dramatic reinterpretation of the events around the Birch assassination.
There have been several unsuccessful attempts to make a film based on the Birch assassination. The Malaysian actor, director and politician Jins Shamsuddin, who was from Perak, announced plans in 2004 to make a film entitled The King of the River: Pasir Salak, which was to have been an epic production involving 1,500 extras.[9] However, the film was never completed: Jins Shamsuddin commented in 2009 that making a film about Birch was a lifelong dream, saying, "I hope to complete my movie on the historical events that happened in Pasir Salak before I die."[10] Malaysian director Mamat Khalid, who was also from Perak, commented in December 2016 that after 18 years of preparation, his film about Birch, Pasir Salak Pasir Berdarah (The Sand of Pasir Salak is the Sand of Blood) would soon enter production.[11] At the time of Mamat Khalid's death in 2021, the film was unfinished but the National Film Development Corporation Malaysia announced that it would support the completion of the film.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Untitled". Straits Times Overland Journal. 17 June 1870. p. 7.
- ^ Barlow, Henry S. (1995). Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene. p. 63.
- ^ Winstedt, Richard Olof (1962). A History of Malaya. Marican. p. 225.
- ^ "More than just about Birch and Maharaja Lela". The Star. Malaysia. 13 November 2017.
- ^ Andaya, Barbara Watson (1982). A History of Malaysia. New York, USA: St. Martin's Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-312-38120-2.
- ^ Sultan Yusuf Sharifuddin Mudzaffar Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah I (1877–1887)
- ^ Cheah, Boon Kheng (1998). "Malay Politics and the Murder of J.W.W. Birch, British Resident in Perak, in 1875: the humiliation and revenge of the Maharaja Lela". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 71 (1): 74–105. JSTOR 41493353.
- ^ "Birch Memorial Clock Tower, Ipoh". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- ^ "Coming: Epic English film on Perak War and Birch". New Straits Times. Singapore. 17 March 1994.
- ^ "A filmmaker who is 73 going on 20". AsiaOne News. 10 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- ^ Azizi, Mohd al Qayum (23 December 2016). "Mamat Khalid Ambil 18 Tahun Buat Kajian Filem Pasir Salak". MStar (in Malay). Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- ^ "Tributes paid to Malaysian filmmaker Mamat Khalid, who has died". nme.com. 26 October 2021.