William Jack Grisman (30 August 1914 – 6 April 1944) was a British Vickers Wellington bomber crew member who was taken prisoner during the Second World War. He took part in the 'Great Escape' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944, but was one of the men re-captured and subsequently shot by the Gestapo.
William Jack Grisman | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Birth name | William Jack Grisman |
| Nickname(s) | Jack |
| Born | 30 August 1914 Hereford, England |
| Died | 6 April 1944 (aged 29) between Görlitz and Breslau |
| Buried | Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery, Poland |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom |
| Service |  Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1931–1944 |
| Rank | Flight Lieutenant |
| Service number | 45148 |
| Unit | No. 28 Squadron RAF No. 99 Squadron RAF No. 109 Squadron RAF |
| Battles / wars | World War II |
| Awards | Mentioned in Despatches |
| Relations | Marie (nee Merchant) |
Pre-war life
editGrisman was born in Hereford Herefordshire the eldest son of a postman,[1] he was educated in the local council school where he matured rapidly towards the end of his time and became very keen on swimming and rugby football. He wanted to see some of the world, play sports and work in engineering and quickly identified the Royal Air Force as a good opportunity so enlisted as an aircraft apprentice on 13 January 1931 to train at No. 1 School of Technical Training RAF, RAF Halton[2] he graduated in December 1933 as an aircraftman 2nd class (service number 565127) posted to No. 10 Squadron RAF at RAF Boscombe Down to service Handley Page Heyford bombers. By January 1936 he was a leading aircraftman posted to Basra in Iraqas an engine fitter but in November 1936 he was appointed driver with the British Embassy in Baghdad.[1][3][4] In early 1938 Grisman joined No. 28 Squadron RAF as a rigger and fitter but also an air gunner on what was then known as the North West Frontier. He enjoyed flying and applied for aircrew duties and qualified being posted to England in December 1938 to train at RAF Mildenhall as an "Observer", an aircrew role which combined the duties of navigator and bomb aimer. On 27 July 1939 he joined No. 99 Squadron which was flying Vickers Wellington bombers from RAF Mildenhall.[3]
War service
editServing operationally as an observer with No. 99 Squadron RAF based at RAF Newmarket where he flew with Percy Charles Pickard and was involved in some early missions to drop propaganda leaflets on Germany before being promoted sergeant and recognised as a potential officer.[3] Grisman commenced officer training in June 1940, he completed his tour of operations with the squadron being Mentioned in Despatches on 6 October 1940, and was commissioned as a pilot officer on 20 December 1940.[3][5]
In late December 1940 Grisman was posted to RAF Boscombe Down where experienced navigators were required for testing and developing the blind approach aid that would eventually help many night bomber crews as they struggled to land at airfields in bad weather.[6] He was to join No. 109 Squadron RAF flying Avro Anson and Vickers Wellington aircraft, the squadron was engaged during the next two years in development of radio counter-measures and also new radar aids, notably the blind bombing system known as Oboe later used so successfully by the Pathfinder Force.[7]
He was promoted to flying officer on 20 December 1941 (with seniority from 11 December 1941).[8]
Prisoner of war
editAt 1830 on the evening of 5 November 1941 Grisman took off in a Wellington Mark Ic bomber (serial number T2562) from Boscombe Down on a Special Duties mission to investigate the capabilities of the German radar chain sites along the west coast of France.[9][10] The pilot of the aircraft was Flying Officer Leslie George Bull who later also participated in the Great Escape. Over the French port of Lorient the starboard engine failed and then lost its propeller. Unable to continue Bull held the aircraft level while his crew of five baled out and then followed – the crew were taken prisoner on landing by parachute in France.[11] Becoming a prisoner of war he was interrogated by the Luftwaffe before being sent to Stalag Luft I Barth where he and Bull immediately became involved in escape attempts involving tunnelling out of the camp[2] where he made himself a general nuisance to the German guards (a popular pastime amongst bored RAF prisoners) and there he brewed illegal potato skin alcohol for Christmas celebrations.[2] At Stalag Luft I Bull met Roger Bushell during various tunnelling escape attempts, Bushell later masterminded the Great Escape. Grisman and Bull were part of the group with Bushell who were sent to Stalag Luft III in the province of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan (now Żagań in Poland). He was an enthusiastic tunneller.[12]
'Great Escape'
editAs prisoner of war No. 673 at Stalag Luft III Grisman completed correspondence courses in Mathematics and English with the University of London,[13] and by early 1943 had also gained qualifications in French Language, Mechanics and advanced mathematics.[14] For the Great Escape operation Grisman was one of the leading tunnellers.[15][16] and was designated as a "marshal", one of the dozen men appointed to wait in the forest after escaping to collect a pre-selected group of ten men who would then be led westwards as initial stage guides[17] Grisman's group were known as the "hard arsers" because they planned to walk alone the entire trip homewards rather than catching trains.[18] He was one of the 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24–25 March 1944 in the escape now famous as "the Great Escape".
The alarm sounded on the discover of the escape attempt after he had been outside the wire for only 50 minutes and not surprisingly Grisman was arrested quite quickly to the south of the camp on the road to Görlitz[19] by the Germans and arrived at the collecting point for recaptured officers in Görlitz prison on 28 March 1944.[20] During interrogation he was told that his wife would never see him again.[21][22][23] At Görlitz prison on the morning of 6 April 1944 Tony Bethell heard a truck arrive and saw three Germans in uniform call out the names of Denys Street, Neville McGarr, Sandy Gunn, Jack Grisman, Harold Milford and John F Williams.[24] No firm evidence was ever found of the fate of these six men and their records were marked "killed at a place unknown, on or after 6 April 1944".[25][26][27]
Grisman was one of the 50 escapers executed and murdered by the Gestapo.[28][29][30] He was cremated at Breslau.[26][31] Originally his remains were buried at Sagan, he is now buried in part of the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery.[32]
In total Wilhelm Scharpwinkel coordinated the murder of around thirty of the Great Escapers.[33]
Grisman's name was amongst those in the list of the murdered prisoners which was published in the press in the UK and Commonwealth countries when news broke on or about 20 May 1944.[34]
His photograph is shown in conjunction with that of a relative here[35] and he is also commemorated on the Dunsfold War Memorial website.[36]
As "Halton brat" or an "old Haltonian", a graduate of the RAF Halton aircraft apprentice scheme, he is commemorated by name in the stained glass window in St. George's Church, RAF Halton dedicated to those murdered following the "Great Escape".[37][38]
Awards
editMentioned in despatches for conspicuous gallantry as a prisoner of war (none of the other relevant decorations then available could be awarded posthumously). It was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 8 June 1944.[39]
Other victims
editThe Gestapo executed a group of 50 of the recaptured prisoners representing almost all of the nationalities involved in the escape. Post-war investigations saw a number of those guilty of the murders tracked down, arrested and tried for their crimes.[40][41][42]
| Nationalities of the 50 executed |
| 21 British
|
 6 Canadian
|
 6 Polish
|
 5 Australian
|
 3 South African
|
 2 New Zealanders
|
 2 Norwegian
|
 1 Belgian
|
 1 Czechoslovak
|
 1 Frenchman
|
 1 Greek
|
 1 Lithuanian
|
References
edit- Notes
- ^ a b Carroll (2005), p.57
- ^ a b c Vance (2000), p.26
- ^ a b c d Vance (2000), p.27
- ^ Carrol -The Great Escape – online refs to Grisman
- ^ "No. 35057". The London Gazette. 28 January 1941. pp. 562–563.
- ^ No. 109 Squadron RAF at History of War on-line encyclopaedia
- ^ "No. 109 Squadron history at the RAF website". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ "No. 35525". The London Gazette. 14 April 1942. pp. 1648–1649.
- ^ Vance, p.41 On line account of final flight
- ^ Chorley (1993), p.171
- ^ Vance (2000), p.28
- ^ Andrews (1976) p.36
- ^ Vance (2000), p.91
- ^ Vance (2000), p.189
- ^ Andrews (1976) pp.46–48
- ^ Great Escape Memorial 450 Squadron[permanent dead link]
- ^ Vance (2000), p.208
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.50
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.50 and 206
- ^ Vance (2000), p.244
- ^ Read (2012), p.223
- ^ Vance (2000), p.253
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.49
- ^ Vance (2000), p.267
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.189
- ^ a b Read (2012), p.304
- ^ "Stalag Luft III: The Fifty". Pegasus Archive. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ^ Fly for your Life Website – listing of officers murdered
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.206
- ^ RCAF Website listing the officers murdered
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.317
- ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission – William Jack Grisman
- ^ Walters, Guy (2013). The Real Great Escape. London: Bantam Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-593-07190-8.
- ^ Western Morning News, Dundee Courier, Yorkshire Post, etc. 20 May 1944
- ^ Photo of Jack Grisman while a Prisoner of War[permanent dead link]
- ^ Dunsfold War Memorial – William Jack Grisman
- ^ "Old Haltonians Memorial Window- the "Great Escape" window – WJ Grisman". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ Old Haltonians stained glass window – W J Grisman
- ^ "No. 36544". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1944. pp. 2619–2620.
- ^ Read (2012), p.295
- ^ Vance (2000), p.310
- ^ Andrews (1976), p.188 and 199
- Bibliography
- Ted Barris (2014). The Great Escape. Dundurn Publishing. ISBN 978-1459728448.
- Tim Carroll (2005). The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III. Pocket Publishing. ISBN 1416505318.
- Simon Read (2012). Human Game. Constable. ISBN 978-1-4721-1262-0.
- Sean Feast (2015). The Last of the 39-ers. Grub Street. ISBN 978-1909166158.
- Jonathan F Vance (2000). A Gallant Company. Pacifica Military. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.
- William Ash; Brendan Foley (2005). Under the Wire: The Wartime Memoir of a Spitfire Pilot, Legendary Escape Artist and 'cooler King'. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-05408-6.
- Paul Brickhill (2004). The Great Escape. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32579-9.
- Alan Burgess (1990). The Longest Tunnel: The True Story of World War II's Great Escape. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-097-9.
- Albert P. Clark (2005). 33 Months as a POW in Stalag Luft III: A World War II Airman Tells His Story. Fulcrum Pub. ISBN 978-1-55591-536-0.
- Arthur A. Durand (1 January 1989). Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story. Patrick Stephens Limited. ISBN 978-1-85260-248-2.
- William R Chorley (1992). RAF Bomber Command Losses, Volume 2. Midland Counties. ISBN 0-904597-87-3.
- Allen Andrews (1976). Exemplary Justice. Harrap. ISBN 0-245-52775-3.
- Vance, Jonathan F (2000). A Gallant Company: The Men of the Great Escape. Pacifica Military History; (Mar 2001). p. 41. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.
External links
edit- Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III), by Mark Kozak-Holland. The prisoners formally structured their work as a project. This book analyses their efforts using modern project management methods.