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Jacques Francis, also known as Jaques Frauncys, (c. 1527 – after February 1548) was an African salvage diver who led the expedition to salvage King Henry VIII's guns from the Mary Rose. He was the first African to give evidence in 1548 before a court. He was accused of being a "slave" and an "infidel" in an attempt to discredit his evidence, but he was paid wages so he was not a slave and furthermore, "slaves were not allowed to give evidence in court".[1]
Jacques Francis | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1527 |
| Died | After February 1548 (aged at least 20-21) |
| Other names | Jaques Frauncys |
| Occupation | Salvage diver |
| Years active | 1546–48 |
| Known for | Being the first African to give evidence before a court in England |
Biography
editFrancis was born around 1527 and was known to be of African descent. It is believed he was from Arguin Island, Mauritania. Records at the time described him as a "Guinea diver" and exceptionally talented.[2][3] He had been working for Piero Corsi, who was leading a 1546 salvage attempt of the Mary Rose, following a previous unsuccessful attempt to raise the ship.[2]
Francis and his team were also tasked with salvaging valuables from the Sancta Maria and Sanctus Edwardus merchant ships which sank off the coast of Southampton.[4] During this expedition, Corsi was accused by Domenico Erizzo of theft.[5]
As Francis was lead diver in the expedition, he was an important witness in the matter of the theft, however his race and status led to controversy on whether or not he could be called as a witness.[2] In February 1548 he became the first known African to speak in an English court.[6][7] Francis described himself as Corsi's "famulus" (assistant) rather than a slave.[5] It is unknown what happened to Francis after February 1548 and his date of death is unknown.[citation needed]
Legacy
editDespite being the first African person to be recorded in court, his legal recognition during the trial did not set a precedent towards the legal status of black individuals in the future.[2]
References
edit- ^ Kaufmann, Miranda (2017), Black Tudors, Oneworld Publications, p. 33.
- ^ a b c d Costello, Ray (10 October 2019). "Francis, Jacques [also known as Jaques Frauncys] (b. 1527?)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.112798. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ Davey, James (2018). "Jacques Francis". Tudor and Stuart Seafarers: The Emergence of a Maritime Nation, 1485–1707. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472956774. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "JACQUES FRANCIS: FROM A SKILLED GUINEAN DIVER TO THE FIRST AFRICAN WITNESS IN AN ENGLISH COURT". Think Africa. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ a b Costello, Ray (2012). Black salt : seafarers of African descent on British ships. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781781386200. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "BLACK TUDORS…A peek into the lives of ten people of the African Diaspora who lived in Tudor Britain". Black History. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ Ungerer, Gustav (2005). "Recovering a black African's voice in an English lawsuit: Jacques Francis and the salvage operations of the Mary Rose and the Sancta Maria and Sanctus Edwardus, 1545-ca 1550". Gale. Associated University Presses. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
Further reading
edit- Transcripts of Francis' appearance in court - "Black Settlers in Tudor Times". Black Presence. The National Archives. Retrieved 9 May 2020.