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Jainism in Tamil Nadu

Jainism has an extensive history in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, although practiced by a minority of Tamils in contemporary times. According to the 2011 India Census, Jains represent 0.12% of the total population of Tamil Nadu,[1] and are of the Digambara sect. Tamil Jains are primarily concentrated in northern Tamil Nadu, in the districts of Madurai, Viluppuram, Kanchipuram, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Cuddalore and Thanjavur.

Kalugumalai Jain Beds

History

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Sittanavasal Cave painting, 7th century

Early Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions in Tamil Nadu dated to the 3rd century BCE and describe the livelihoods of Tamil Jains. The oldest known Tamil kings were recorded to follow the Jain religion which makes Jainism, the second oldest religion in Tamil Nadu. Inscriptions dating back to 8th century CE were found in Tiruchirappalli narrating the presence of Jain monks in the region.[2]

The Kalabhra dynasty, who were patrons of Jainism, ruled over the entire ancient Tamil country in the 3rd–7th century CE.[3]

Pallavas followed Hinduism but also patronized Jainism. The Trilokyanatha Temple in Kanchipuram and Chitharal Jain Temple were built during the reign of the Pallava dynasty.[4][5]

The Pandyan kings were initially Jains but later became Shaivaites.[6] The Sittanavasal Cave and Samanar Malai are Jain complexes that were built during the reign of Pandyan dynasty.

The Cholas patronized Hinduism, however, Jainism also flourished during their rule.[7] The construction of Tirumalai cave complex was commissioned Queen Kundavai, elder sister of Rajaraja Chola I. The Tirumalai cave complex consists of 3 Jain caves, 2 Jain temples and a 16 metres (52 ft) high sculpture of Tirthankara Neminatha which is the tallest idol of Neminatha and the largest Jain idol in Tamil Nadu. The Digambara Jain Temple in Thirakoil and the Mallinathaswamy Jain Temple in Mannargudi were both built during the reign of the Chola dynasty.

Decline of Jainism

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Royal patronage has been a key factor in the growth as well as the decline of Jainism.[8] The Pallava king Mahendravarman I (600–630 CE) converted from Jainism to Shaivism under the influence of Appar.[9] His work Mattavilasa Prahasana ridicules certain Shaiva sects and the Buddhists and also expresses contempt towards Jain ascetics.[10] Sambandar converted the contemporary Pandya king to Shaivism. During the 11th century, Basava, a minister to the Jain king Bijjala II, succeeded in converting numerous Jains to the Lingayat Shaivite sect. The Lingayats destroyed various temples belonging to Jains and adapted them to their use.[11] The Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana (c. 1108–1152 CE) became a follower of the Vaishnava sect under the influence of saint Ramanuja, after which Vaishnavism grew rapidly.[12]

Art

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Influence on Tamil literature

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A palm leaf manuscript with ancient Tamil text Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi

Parts of the Sangam literature in Tamil are attributed to Jain authors. The authenticity and interpolations are controversial because the Sangam literature presents Hindu ideas.[13] Some scholars state that the Jain portions of the Sangam literature were added about or after the 8th-century CE, and it is not the ancient layer.[14]

Tamil Jain texts such as the Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi and Nālaṭiyār are credited to Digambara Jain authors.[15][16] These texts have seen interpolations and revisions. For example, it is generally accepted now that the Jain nun Kanti inserted a 445 verse poem into Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi in the 12th-century.[17][18] The Tamil Jain literature, states Dundas, has been "lovingly studied and commented upon for centuries by Hindus as well as Jains".[16] The themes of two of the Tamil epics, including the Silapadikkaram, have an embedded influence of Jainism.[16]

Silappatikaram, the earliest surviving epic in Tamil literature, was written by the monk Ilango Adigal. This epic is a major work in Tamil literature, describing the historical events of its time and also of then-prevailing religions, Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism. The main characters of this work, Kannagi and Kovalan, who are renowned among Tamils, were Jains.

M. Karunanidhi, the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and writer stated that "the virtuous Jains have adorned our 'Tamil mother' with innumerable jewels of literary works. If you remove these works of Samanars, the world of Tamil literature would wear a deserted look; such is the contribution of Jain poets to the Tamil language. The ancient kings have also encouraged and supported these noble efforts."[19]

Jain structures

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Mahavir Swami temple, Tirumalai

There are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions, and over 100 sculptures in and around Madurai. This is also the site where Jain ascetics wrote great epics and books on grammar in Tamil.[20]

The Sittanavasal Cave temple is regarded as one of the finest examples of Jain art. It is the oldest and most famous Jain centre in the region. It possesses both an early Jain cave shelter, and a medieval rock-cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha paintings; the steep hill contains an isolated but spacious cavern. Locally, this cavern is known as "Eladipattam", a name that is derived from the seven holes cut into the rock that serve as steps leading to the shelter. Within the cave there are seventeen stone beds aligned in rows; each of these has a raised portion that could have served as a pillow loft. The largest stone bed has a distinct Tamil-Brahmi inscription assignable to the 2nd century BCE, and some inscriptions belonging to the 8th century BCE are also found on the nearby beds. The Sittannavasal cavern continued to be the "Holy Sramana Abode" until the 7th and 8th centuries. Inscriptions over the remaining stone beds name mendicants such as Tol kunrattu Kadavulan, Tirunilan, Tiruppuranan, Tittaicharanan, Sri Purrnacandran, Thiruchatthan, Ilangowthaman, Sri Ulagathithan, and Nityakaran Pattakali as monks.[21]

The Kalugumalai temple from the 8th century CE marks the revival of Jainism in Tamil Nadu. This cave temple was built by King Parantaka Nedunjadaiya of Pandyan dynasty.[22]

Mel Sithamur Jain Math is headed by the primary religious head of this community, Bhattaraka Laxmisena Swami.[23]

Complexes

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    The 16 meter statue of Neminath, the tallest Jain sculpture in Tamil Nadu.
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    Parshvanatha at Thirakoil, 8th Century
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    Mahaveer Swami at Kurathimalai, 8th Century AD
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    Jain Reliefs at Panchapandava Bed, Kizhavalavu, 9th Century
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    Image of Mahavira at Samanar Hills, 9th century
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    Jain Sculptures at Othakakai
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    Chitharal malaikovil, before 425 AD
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    Mahavir, Parshavanatha and Bahubali, Seeyamangalam, 9th century
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    Tirthankar and Ambika, Vallimalai Jain caves, 9th century

Temples

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See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jainism in Tamil Nadu.

References

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Citation

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  1. ^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  2. ^ "Eighth century artefacts on Jainism at Rockfort lie neglected, damaged", The Times of India, 16 July 2016
  3. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2007). A History of India (4th ed.). London: Routledge. p. 105. ISBN 9780415329200. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  4. ^ Jain, Mahima A. (February 2016). "Looking for Jina Kanchi". The Hindu.
  5. ^ "Chitharal". Tamil Nadu Tourism. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  6. ^ "Pandya dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  7. ^ Sastri 2002, p. 339.
  8. ^ Natubhai Shah 2004, pp. 69–70.
  9. ^ Lochtefeld 2002, p. 409.
  10. ^ Arunachalam 1981, p. 170.
  11. ^ von Glasenapp 1925, pp. 75–77.
  12. ^ Das 2005, p. 161.
  13. ^ Cush, Robinson & York 2012, pp. 515, 839.
  14. ^ Zvelebil 1992, pp. 13–16.
  15. ^ Cort 1998, p. 163.
  16. ^ a b c Dundas 2002, p. 116–117.
  17. ^ Zvelebil 1992, pp. 37–38.
  18. ^ Spuler 1952, pp. 24–25, context: 22-27.
  19. ^ "Jainism in Tamilnadu Chief Minister Dr M. Karunanidhi on Jainism and Tamilnadu". 6 September 2010.
  20. ^ S. S. Kavitha (31 October 2012), "Namma Madurai: History hidden inside a cave", The Hindu
  21. ^ S. S. Kavitha (3 February 2010), "Preserving the past", The Hindu
  22. ^ "Arittapatti inscription throws light on Jainism", The Hindu, 15 September 2003, archived from the original on 13 October 2003
  23. ^ Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001). Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture. Popular Prakashan. p. 135. ISBN 9788171548392. Retrieved 27 May 2012.

Sources

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