Wikipedia

Japanese occupation of New Guinea

The Japanese occupation of New Guinea was the military occupation of the island of New Guinea by the Empire of Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II when Japanese forces captured the city of Rabaul.[1]

New Guinea
ニューギニア (Nyū Ginia)
Niugini
1941–1945
Anthem: "Kimigayo"
1943 Japanese map of New Guinea
1943 Japanese map of New Guinea
StatusMilitary occupation by the Empire of Japan
CapitalHollandia
Common languagesJapanese
Tok Pisin, Dutch, English, Other
Territorial commander 
• 1942–1945
Hatazō Adachi
Historical eraWorld War II
• Capture of New Ireland
January 1941
23 January 1942
November 1944
• Surrender
15 August 1945
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Dutch East Indies
Territory of New Guinea
Dutch East Indies
Territory of New Guinea
Today part of Indonesia (West Papua)
 Papua New Guinea

Background

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The island of New Guinea was divided by two countries, the Netherlands (Dutch East Indies) and Australia (Territory of New Guinea). The island was brought into control by the Japanese during the New Guinea campaign of World War II when Japanese forces started an invasion of New Guinea, primarily the northern part of the island,[2] and took over the city of Rabaul. Japanese forces also subsequently occupied Hollandia (today known as Jayapura) and established it as their capital during their occupation in New Guinea.[3] Japanese forces only occupied the northern region of present-day Papua New Guinea, but captured most of present-day Western Papua

Administration

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Hollandia

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Japanese forces captured and occupied Hollandia in April 1942 and it was established as the capital of the administration.[4] The Imperial Japanese Navy established a base in Jayapura port in 1942.[5] The Navy also anchored their ships in Humboldt Bay and later added infantry troops to strengthen their marines. According to the Allies, there were two infantry regiments in Papua and one marine regiment.[6]

The Dutch had tried to increase trade from Papua, but the Japanese increased it even more.[7] The Japanese later established Cenderawasih University in 1943.[8] In Hollandia, the Japanese forced the native Papuans to create roads and at Lake Sentani there were three airfields created by manual labour.[9] The occupation of Jayapura was described as the worst in all of the Dutch East Indies[10]

In April 1944, US troop entered in Hollandia and fought with Japanese forces which later ended in a victory for the allies with US troops occupying the city.[11]

Sentani

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The town of Sentani was occupied by Japanese forces on 1943 which later ended on 1944, when Allied troops rounded up 800 Japanese soldiers and killed them all.[12]

Kavieng

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The town of Kavieng of New Ireland was occupied by Japanese forces in January 1941 and there was a military base established there by the Japanese, smaller than the one at Rabaul.[13] The town was frequently bombed by allied forces throughout 1943-1944 until it was liberated by Australian and American troops in 1945.[14] There are many sunken ships of the Japanese on the coastline of Kavieng, which is now a popular tourist destination. Nearly the whole town was destroyed after allied troops took it back due to bombings in the area.[15]

Rabaul

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On 23 January 1942, 5,000 Japanese forces captured Rabaul. There were around 100 ships docked at Simpson Harbour, and many Koreans, British, and Indians were forced into labour on Rabaul.[16] Throughout the war, Australian submarines destroyed Japanese ships, which are now famous in Rabaul.[17] On 13 September 1945, Australian troops captured the city, ending the occupation.[18]

Demographics

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Most people were native Papuans, but there were many Japanese who were primarily soldiers. There was a huge number of Chinese who were deported from other occupied region of New Guinea and sent to Rabaul.[19] There were small numbers of British, Indian, Korean, and Taiwanese from other parts of the empire who were deported to New Guinea.[20]

War crimes

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The Japanese were not hesitant to shoot anybody according to Allied forces and they often treated New Guineans with extreme brutality.[21] Many were killed on the spot if they did not listen to what the Japanese troops said.

References

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  1. ^ "Kokoda Track Campaign | Battles, Conditions, & ANZAC | Britannica".
  2. ^ Sullivan, Gordon R. New Guinea: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-18.
  3. ^ "Jayapura | Indonesia | Britannica".
  4. ^ Ipenburg, At. "JAYAPURA GUIDE 2003" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Photography: Jayapura Port – Musnanda Satar". Musnanda.com. 2011-02-01. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  6. ^ "History of Jayapura City, One of the Largest Cities in Papua Province". 30 August 2020.
  7. ^ "When Monsoon Asia met Melanesia (and Dutch Hollandia became Asian Jayapura) - Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre". Devpolicy.org. 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  8. ^ Pouwer, Jan (1999). "The Colonisation, Decolonisation and Recolonisation of West New Guinea". The Journal of Pacific History. 34 (2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd: 157–179. doi:10.1080/00223349908572900. JSTOR 25161076.
  9. ^ "Hollandia Centenary (Jayapura) in 2010 | Stichting Papua Erfgoed". Papuaerfgoed.org. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  10. ^ Expert Seminar on Treaties, Agreements and Other Constructive Arrangements Between States and Indigenous Peoples (Report). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2003.
  11. ^ "INDONESIA IN WORLD WAR II | Facts and Details".
  12. ^ "New-Guinea during World War II | Stichting Papua Erfgoed". Papuaerfgoed.org. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  13. ^ "Kavieng Dive Sites - An Overview". Indopacificimages. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  14. ^ "Kavieng | Papua New Guinea | Britannica".
  15. ^ "People of the Plaque - The Japanese Invasion of New Ireland 1942". Jje.info. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  16. ^ "Rabaul Under Japanese Occupation | The Last Coastwatcher". Thelastcoastwatcher.wordpress.com. 1942-01-23. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  17. ^ https://www.cunard.com/en-au/ports/rabaul-papua-new-guinea
  18. ^ "13 Sep 1945 - OCCUPATION OF RABAUL PROCEEDING - Trove". Trove.nla.gov.au. 1945-09-13. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  19. ^ Cahill, Peter (1996). "Chinese in Rabaul - 1921 to 1942: Normal Practices, or Containing the Yellow Peril?". The Journal of Pacific History. 31 (1): 72–91. doi:10.1080/00223349608572807. JSTOR 25169286.
  20. ^ "[Aerial photographs relating to the Japanese occupation of Buna-Gona region, Papua New Guinea, 1942-1943] [cartographic material] : [Allied air raids]". Nla.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  21. ^ "Angels and Victims: The People of New Guinea in World War II | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans". Nationalww2museum.org. 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
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