Javindo, also known by the pejorative name Krontjong, is a Dutch-based creole language spoken on Java, Indonesia, such as Semarang. The name Javindo is a portmanteau of Java and Indo, the Dutch word for a person of mixed Indonesian and Dutch descent. This contact language developed from communication between Javanese-speaking mothers and Dutch-speaking fathers in Indo families. Its main speakers were Indo-Eurasian people. Its grammar was based on Javanese, and its vocabulary was based on the Dutch lexicon but pronounced in a Javanese manner.[3] It shows simplification of morphological verb system from Javanese grammar such as merging verb class, disappearance of verbal subcategories.[4]
| Javindo | |
|---|---|
| Region | Java, Indonesia |
Native speakers | 10–99[1] (2007)[2] |
Dutch Creole
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jvd |
jvd | |
| Glottolog | javi1237 |
| ELP | Javindo |
It should not be confused with Petjo, a different Dutch- and Malay-based creole also spoken by Indo-Eurasians. With the loss of the generation that lived in the Dutch East Indies era, that language has almost died out, but it become identity for Indo descent.[5] In contrast, the colonial society saw the creole languages as a corrupted Dutch which should be corrected as quickly as possible.[6]
| Javindo | Petjo | |
|---|---|---|
| Actor vs non-actor | strong preference for non-actor-oriented sentences | |
| Lexifier language | Dutch | |
| Origin of the Speakers | Semarang | Batavia |
| Substrate language | Javanese | Batavian Malay |
| Speaker as actor indicator | taq, tak, ta` | ku- |
| Hearer as actor | koq | kau- / absent |
| Affixation by suffix | lack of | |
Writing system
editJavindo is written using Latin script, specifically Dutch orthography.
Grammar
editEven though most of the lexicon is derived from Dutch, the grammar of the language is mostly of Javanese origin, including elements such as morphology; lack of verbs; no past tense; no finite verb.[7][4] The inherited feature of Javindo from Javanese is the non-actor-oriented verb morphology.[4]
- The actor-oriented in Javindo shows similarity to the Dutch construct as there is no nasal prefix morpheme such as in Javanese.[4]
| Javindo | dan | wij | kijken | geldnja |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | dan | wij | kijken | het geld |
| English | then | we | look for | the money |
- The suffix -i indicates transitive verb similar to Javanese, but only happens on construct with morpheme taq or koq.[4]
- The suffix -(s)ke shows indirect-relational value with possibility of causative value. For example, jij taq doenske means "I do (it) for you" from Dutch doen "to do".[4]
- Actor preceded taq (sometimes written as tak- or ta`) and koq constructs, but it is not expressed with prefix di- (such as jij digoendoeli 'you are cut bald') and prefix ke- (such as ketjeklik mijn enkel 'my angkle has been strained'). Sometimes, prefix ke- is combined with non-obligatory suffix -an. The difference between construct with prefix di- and prefix ke- is the difference on non-accidental nature vs accidental nature. [4]
- Reduplication shows iterative, intensive, or conative value.[4]
- Dutch influence in non-actor-oriented sentence manifests as usage of passive auxiliary verb (such as worden or zijn) and past participle or usage of past participle only.[4]
Notes
edit- ^ "Javindo". Endangered Languages Project. 2007.
- ^ "Javindo". Endangered Languages Project. 2007.
- ^ Willems, Wim Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942)., Part III by de Gruiter, V.E. (COMT, Leiden, 1994) ISBN 90-71042-44-8 P.140-143
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j de Vries, Jan W.; Stokhof, Wim (1997-01-01). "Verbal Morphology in Javindo and Pecok". In Odé, Cecilia; Stokhof, Wim (eds.). Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004643253_019. ISBN 978-90-04-64325-3.
- ^ Vries, J. W. de (1992). "lndisch-Nederlands: verleden, hedenen toekomst" [Indo: past, present and future]. In Willems, W. (ed.). Sporen van een lndisch verleden 1600-1942 [Traces of an Indo past 1600-1942] (in Dutch). Leiden: Centrum voor Onderzoek van Maatschappelijke Tegenstellingen, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden. pp. 125–139.
- ^ Bakker, M. A.; Morrison, B. H., eds. (1994). "The language of the Indo-Dutch". Studies in Netherlandic Culture and Literature. 7. Lanham-New York-London: University Press of America: 213–226.
- ^ Willems, Wim Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942)., Part III by de Gruiter, V.E. (COMT, Leiden, 1994) ISBN 90-71042-44-8 P.150
Further reading
edit- De Gruiter, Miel (1994). "Javindo, a contact language in pre-war Semarang". In Peter Bakker & Maarten Mous (ed.). Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT. pp. 151–159.
- De Gruiter, Victor Emile (1994) [1990]. Het Javindo : de verboden taal. Den Haag: Moesson.