Jean-Baptiste de La Quintinie (1 March 1626 – 11 November 1688) was a French lawyer, gardener and agronomist who served under Louis XIV. Named director of the royal fruit and vegetable gardens by the king in 1670, he created between 1678 and 1683 the Potager du roi ("King's vegetable garden") near the Palace of Versailles.[1]
Jean-Baptiste de La Quintinie | |
|---|---|
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| Born | 1 March 1626 Chabanais, France |
| Died | 11 November 1688 Versailles, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation(s) | Lawyer, gardener, agronomist |
| Known for | Potager du roi |
Biography
editJean-Baptiste de La Quintinie was born on 1 March 1626, in Chabanais, in the Charente, now part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine.He was the second of the three sons of Guillaume de La Quintinie, a tax prosecutor, and Françoise Morand, a daughter of a surgeon family, .[2] He studied at the Jesuit college of Poitiers. Destined for a legal career, he continued his education at the Faculty of Law of the same town. He then left his native region for Paris where he became a lawyer at the Parliament.[3]
In the French capital, he stood out for his writing skills. This earned him the task of instructing the only son of Jean Tambonneau, president of the general accounting office. He accompanied son on a trip to Italy,[4] impressed by the gardens he visited there, he became fascinated by horticulture. Shortly after his return from Italy, Jean Baptiste de la Quintinie gave up his legal activities to devote himself fully to gardening.[3] He began to read the ancient authors dealing with agronomy, such as Columella, Varro, Virgil or Pliny the Elder and to practice in the gardens of the Hôtel Tambonneau.[3][4]
He then visited England twice and earned the esteem of King James II, who offered him the job of managing his gardens. The Frenchman declined the offer, preferring to return to his home country.[4]
In 1662, La Quintinie married Marguerite Joubert, with whom he had three sons; Jean, Michel, and Gabriel.[2]
He then acquired skills and a reputation for creating magnificent gardens that permitted him to work for such notables as Louis II de Bourbon-Condé in Chantilly, Jean-Baptiste Colbert in Sceaux and Nicolas Fouquet in Vaux-le-Vicomte and to collaborate with André Le Nôtre, Charles Le Brun and Louis Le Vau.[5] Following the disgrace of the superintendent of finance (Nicolas Fouquet) in 1661, Louis XIV gave him the job of designing and managing the Versailles vegetable garden.[2] Later in 1670, the king created for him the title of Director of the royal fruit and vegetable gardens.[3]
Between 1678 and 1683, he designed and built the Potager du roi. The location was chosen for its proximity to the Palace of Versailles and was referred to as the 'stinking pond', referring to a parcel that was so wet as to not be suitable for most types of gardening.[6] Once the nine-hectare site had been drained and filled in,[7]:9 it was divided into a central square and 29 enclosed gardens.[5]
Built with the objective of supplying the tables of the royal court with fresh produce, the Potager du roi provided several tons of fruit and vegetables each year. The garden also became a site for horticultural experiments. To satisfy the king's desires, Jean Baptiste de La Quintinie developed cultivation techniques for off-season production – strawberries at the end of March,[7]:11, asparagus in winter or lettuce in December.[6] He also contributes to the improvement of the cultivation of fruit trees, particularly their pruning, an activity that the king enjoyed practising himself.[5]
In 1687 he was annobled by Louis XIV and chose a chevron azure with two stars and a tree as his coat of arms.,[5]
Jean Baptiste de La Quintinie died on 11 November 1688 in Versailles. A few days after, Louis XIV said to his wife, "Madame, we have suffered a great loss that we can never repair".[3]
Gardening manual
editIn 1690, his second son Michel de La Quintinie supervised the posthumous publication of Instruction pour les jardins fruitiers et potagers, avec un Traité des orangers, suivi de quelques réflexions sur l'agriculture ("Instruction for fruit and vegetable gardens, with a treatise on orange trees, followed by some thoughts on agriculture"). The work was published in two volumes by Editions Claude Barbin.[8]
References
edit- ^ "Jean-Baptiste La Quintinie | Collections Online | British Museum". British Museum.
- ^ a b c Garrigues, Dominique (2001). Jardins et jardiniers de Versailles au grand siècle. Editions Champ Vallon. p. 316. ISBN 2876733374.
- ^ a b c d e "Jean-Baptiste La Quintinie – un jardin historique – Le potager du roi". potager-du-roi.fr. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014.
- ^ a b c Perrault, Charles (1697–1700). Les hommes illustres. Tome 2 / qui ont paru en France pendant ce siècle, avec leurs portraits au naturel (in Old French). pp. 84–85.
- ^ a b c d "Jean de La Quintinie, créateur du Potager du roi | Le blog de Gallica". gallica.bnf.fr Digital Library of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
- ^ a b Pellen, Guénola (2019). "THE KING'S KITCHEN GARDEN". France-Amérique, Vol. 12, Edition 10 (in French and English). 12. ISSN 0747-2757.
- ^ a b de Courtois, Stephanie (2003). Le Potager du Roi, The King's Vegetable Garden. Arles et Versailles: Actes Sud and École Nationale Supérieure de Paysage. ISBN 978-2-7427-4505-0.
- ^ "Le potager du roi Louis XIV | Histoire et analyse d'images et oeuvres". histoire-image.org (in French).
Bibliography
editGarrigue, Dominique (2001). Jardin et jardinier de Versailles au grand siècle. Edition Champs Vallon ISBN 2876733374
Menapace, Luc (2019). Jean de La Quintinie, créateur du Potager du roi, Le blog de Gallica, 6 novembre 2019 https://gallica.bnf.fr/blog/06112019/jean-de-la-quintinie-createur-du-potager-du-roi?mode=desktop
Perrault, Charles (1697–1700). Les hommes illustres. Tome 2 / qui ont paru en France pendant ce siècle, avec leurs portraits au naturel (in Old French). pp. 84–85.http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb438942897