Wikipedia

Jesús Cora y Lira

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cora and the second or maternal family name is Lira.

Jesús de Cora y Lira, 1st Count of Cora y Lira (1890–1969) was a Spanish soldier and a Carlist politician. In the navy juridical arm he rose to general auditor, a rank equivalent to counter-admiral. He is known mostly as political leader of Carloctavismo, a branch of Carlism which during early Francoism advocated a claim to the Spanish throne raised by Carlos Pio Habsburgo-Lorena y Borbón.

Jesús Cora y Lira
Born
Jesús Cora y Lira

1890
Lugo,[1] Spain
Died1969(1969-00-00) (aged 78–79)
Viveiro, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationmilitary
Known forpolitician
Political partyComunión Jaimista, Unión Patriótica, Comunión Tradicionalista, Comunión Católico-Monárquica

Family and youth

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Viveiro, early 20th c.

Along his paternal line Jesús Cora y Lira was descendant to an established, noble Galician family. The Coras have been for centuries related to the province of Lugo and the comarca of Viveiro. Their first representative was noted in the 15th century and some grew to local regidores;[2] also during late Restauración a distant Jesús' relative,[3] Purificación de Cora y Más Villafuerte, apart from setting up a local daily El Progreso served also as a civil governor.[4] Jesús' great-grandfather, José María de Cora Aguiar y Maseda, was a military and participated in wars of the Napoleonic era. His son and Jesús' grandfather, Dario de Cora y Cadórniga, joined the Carlists during the First Carlist War.[5] His son and Jesús' father, Jesús Cora y Cora (died 1928),[6] served in the navy, though not in combat units but as an official in its juridical branch. Specializing in crew contracting issues[7] he grew to teniente coronel auditor[8] and as head of Cuerpo Jurídico de la Armada[9] became a distinguished figure in the entire Galicia, not infrequently reported in societé columns of the local press. At unspecified time he married Elisa de Lira y Montenegro; they settled in Viveiro.

 
Franco in Colegio

The couple had 7 children, Jesús born as the second and the last son.[10] All were brought up in fervently Catholic ambience;[11] the eldest of the siblings José was also a Carlist[12] and the two youngest sisters became nuns.[13] The young Jesús was first educated in the neighboring Ferrol, where he frequented Colegio del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, a local middle-class school.[14] It is in the college that he met Francisco Franco, two years his junior, the acquaintance which was to last for decades to come.[15] It is not known when the adolescent Cora completed his Ferrol education; he than moved to Madrid and enrolled at Universidad Central, pursuing law studies at Facultad de Derecho. He graduated at unspecified year though no later than in 1910;[16] he then followed closely in the footsteps of his father, applying to Cuerpo Jurídico of the navy and having been nominated aspirante.[17] Also at unspecified time prior to the mid-1920s Jesús Cora y Lira married María do Cármen López Prieto;[18] nothing is known about his wife except that she outlived her husband.[19] It is not clear whether the couple had any children. None of the sources consulted explicitly claims they had no issue, though no descendants are listed on genealogical sites,[20] when discussing whereabouts of the Cora family on the societé columns the local press has never acknowledged any children[21] and none are mentioned among many relatives listed in Cora's obituary.[22]

Military career

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teniente auditor strap

In 1911 Cora was listed as asesor in the naval Cuerpo de Aspirantes, assigned to Viveiro.[23] Having passed in 1918 to Cuerpo Jurídico de la Armada[24] he assumed duties in Cartagena.[25] In 1920 he was promoted to teniente auditor de cuarta clase,[26] two years later reaching the third class. He left Cartagena and was assigned to Asesoría General in Madrid.[27] His career continued with the 1923 advancement to teniente auditor de segunda clase;[28] at unspecified date but prior to the spring of 1925[29] he was already comandante auditor,[30] a rank equivalent to capitán de corbeta or major in most European armies. He is not listed as engaged in any naval combat operations, especially during the Riff War; it seems that until the fall of the monarchy he served performing office jobs in Madrid.

The Republican government embarked on reform of the army; the naval Cuerpo Jurídico was to be turned into a civil service.[31] In September 1931 Cora was promoted to teniente coronel[32] only to be released from the staff job and assigned to Ferrol.[33] In December 1931 he was already listed as retired, which permitted his return – already as a civilian – to Madrid; it is not clear whether he resigned voluntarily or was pushed into retirement.[34] Until the July 1936 coup he was not a single time noted in the press as holding a military assignment.[35]

 
general auditor sleeve strap

On July 12, 1936 Cora with his wife left Madrid for his native Viveiro; none of the sources consulted identifies him as involved in military conspiracy and the press acknowledged that he was to commence summer holidays.[36] Details of his activity during the first months of the Civil War are not known; in October 1936 Cora was again in the navy.[37] He formed part of the Ferrol jury[38] which court-martialled officers from the Almirante Cervera cruiser, charged by the rebels with mutiny; he co-signed death sentence of teniente Luis Sánchez Pinzón, jefe de servicios radiotelegráficos of the cruiser, executed shortly afterwards.[39] Cora spent the rest of the Civil War as Fiscal de la Auditoria de la Base Naval Principal de El Ferrol;[40] following the Nationalist victory in the summer of 1939 he was promoted to coronel.[41]

Late 1939 Cora was assigned to an unspecified navy job in Madrid;[42] three years later he was nominated consejero of Consejo Supremo de Justicia Militar.[43] Also in 1942 Cora was promoted to general auditor, a rank equivalent to contralmirante,[44] in 1945 awarded Gran Cruz del Mérito Naval[45] and in 1947 Gran Cruz del Mérito Militar.[46] When serving as General Auditor de la Armada he was at least 3 times, in 1945,[47] 1948[48] and 1956[49] officially received by Franco. Having reached the regular retirement age, in early 1956 Cora was moved to reserve,[50] enabling his return as a retiree to Viveiro.[51] Retaining his General Auditor rank he was officially assigned "a las órdenes del señor Ministro",[52] and continued with honorary duties as consejero togado of Consejo Supremo de Justicia Militar[53] into the early 1960s.[54]

Early politics: carlista, regionalista, upetista and carlista (before 1933)

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Cora y Lira (centre), 1920s

Having Carlist antecedents among his ancestors, he adhered to the Carlist cause from an early age. While he was studying in Madrid he was the secretary of the local Carlist Youth and pronounced speeches at Carlist feasts.[55] Back in Galicia, the newspaper he contributed to is by one scholar noted as leaning towards Jaimismo.[56] In the 1910s he was vaguely associated with the right wing; in 1918 Cora presented his bid for the Cortes from his native Mondoñedo district, by some sources referred to as a Maurista[57] and by some as a regionalista.[58] Both denominations might have been correct, though the question proved pointless as he lost to a Liberal candidate.[59] None of the sources consulted records his renewed bid until the fall of Restauración liberal democracy.

Following the advent of dictatorship Cora engaged in the emerging primoderiverista institutions and remained active also during declining phases of the regime. It is not clear when he engaged in Unión Patriótica, but in the late 1920s he grew to mid-range positions of the Madrid organization; in 1928 active in its Sección de Propaganda,[60] in 1930 he entered the UP executive of the Congreso district.[61] During political thaw of the dictablanda Cora engaged back in the re-established Carlist party of the mainstream Jaimista branch. In the first months of the Republic he was already Jefe of the Madrid provincial organization of the Jaimist Partido Católico Monárquico,[62] in early 1932 re-united with offshoot branches in Comunión Tradicionalista.[63]

 
Juan Pérez Nájera (photo from the 1870s)

Within Carlist structures Cora emerged as a restless politician; his voice was heard in the party ranks nationwide mostly thanks to El Cruzado Español,[64] a weekly mouthpiece of the Madrid branch of the party[65] where he defended a far right policy and used the pseudonyms Goiriz,J. de Arco, Incógnito Leal and others.[66] In 1932 he replaced Guillermo Arsenio de Izaga as the director of the paper.[67] Following assumption of the Carlist claim by an 82-year-old pretender Don Alfonso Carlos, it became evident that the Carlist dynasty would soon extinguish. Cora joined the group led by Juan Pérez Nájera, which vehemently opposed sorting the dynastical crisis by an agreement with the Alfonsinos and instead advocated appointing an heir during Alfonso Carlos' lifetime.[68] Initially Cora was not among the group's most active members and did not sign a February 1932 letter to the claimant, openly presenting the cause.[69] However, in late 1932 he emerged as their key theorist, publishing a legal analysis of the Carlist succession law titled El futuro Caudillo de la Tradición Española – Estudio Jurídico, Histórico y Político.[70]

The theory presented by Cora referred to an earlier 1914 interpretation, which read that in case of all male branches extinguished or excluded, heritage rights might be transmitted to her son by an oldest daughter of the last legitimate king. The group - already known as the Cruzadistas - focused on Doña Blanca, setting their sights on her youngest son, Barcelona-resident Carlos Pio Habsburgo-Lorena; they started to call for a grand Carlist assembly, which would settle the succession issue.[71] Don Alfonso Carlos acknowledged this as a breach of loyalty and in 1933 expulsed the Cruzadistas, including Cora, from the Comunión.[72]

Cruzadista (1933-1943)

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Najera leading Madrid Cruzadistas, 1930s

Cora continued his political career beyond the official party structures, though its direction was initially not clear. In the 1933 electoral campaign to the Cortes he was to enter a joint Right-wing local Galician alliance known as Unión Orensana de Derechas, standing as representative of an Agrarian-Traditionalist grouping. However, the mainstream Carlist faction, locally known as "oficialistas",[73] objected to his candidature;[74] as a result, Cora withdrew from the list[75] and he let the steam off by writing bitter letters to the press.[76]

He continued as a Cruzadista. The group, now reduced to a minor secessionist Carlist branch though enjoying some support also in other regions, refused to budge; moreover, they assumed a challenging if not provocative name of Núcleo de la Lealtad.[77] In July 1934 Cora took part in a meeting of Zumárraga, where dynastical theory laid earlier was confirmed and openly specified with regard to Doña Blanca.[78] As the expulsed were trying to institutionalize their movement and build an own organization, Cora was provisionally appointed jefe of its Madrid branch.[79] In 1935 Cora participated in a gathering in Zaragoza, styled as a Magna Asamblea advocated earlier, and formed part of its presidential board.[80] It did not challenge the Carlist reign of Don Alfonso Carlos, but in utter violation of his instructions it adopted the theory laid by Cora and declared that after death of the king, Doña Blanca would be in position to transmit hereditary rights to Don Carlos, who at that time was living abroad.[81] The Carlist leader Manuel Fal promptly disauthorised the gathering.[82]

Following the 1936 outbreak of the Spanish Civil War Cora and the other Cruzadistas were re-admitted to the mainstream Carlist structures,[83] though none of the sources consulted mentions his Carlist political activity in the late 1930s. Nothing is known about his position on regency of Don Javier, assumed after the death of Don Alfonso Carlos in 1936, or on forced amalgamation of Carlist organizations into Falange Española Tradicionalista in 1937 and afterwards. When speaking in public he limited himself to praising general patriotic values, like in a 1938 address to the Lugo branch of Juventud Antoniana.[84]

 
Carlist standard

Cora is not listed among those who in the early 1940s reverted to the Cruzadista claim and raised the cause of Don Carlos.[85] At that time following the death of Pérez Nájera[86] the group had no clear leader,[87] though it was Antonio Lizarza who led many specific initiatives.[88] They climaxed in 1943: in March that year Don Carlos returned to Spain and re-settled in Barcelona. In May Cora took advantage of his personal Galician links and visited the Franco's residence of El Pardo. Though he did not speak to caudillo himself, he agreed with his Jefe de la Casa Civil, Julio Muñoz Aguilar, that public promotional campaign of the royal claim of Don Carlos might commence across Spain.[89] In June the latter issued a manifesto, announcing his personal claim to throne. The former Cruzadistas greeted him as Carlos VIII, now turning into Carloctavistas.

Carloctavista: serving Don Carlos (1943-1953)

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Carlos VIII

By voicing their support to the Carlist claim of Carlos VIII, Cora and other Carloctavistas openly breached loyalty to the regency of Don Javier; hence, they were again expulsed from mainstream Carlism by its political leader, Manuel Fal.[90] Don Carlos started to organize own structures: Comunión Católico-Monárquica and Juventudes Carlistas, carefully styled not to challenge the Francoist ban on political parties except FET;[91] in late 1943 he appointed Cora his secretario general.[92] At this point Cora emerged as political leader of the group.[93]

Though some high-positioned collaborative Carlists like the Cortes speaker Esteban Bilbao were leaning towards cautious support for Carlos VIII, it was Cora y Lira who emerged as the most distinguished partisan of the cause.[94] It is not clear, however, who has contributed most to engineering and daily execution of the Carloctavista strategy of total commitment to the regime.[95] None of the sources clearly refers to Cora as to the brain behind the party game plan, though at least at some points he played a vital role in the planning process.[96] Some scholars refer to him as merely a transmission belt from the Falange headquarters, where all the strings were pulled.[97] Around 1950 Cora's leadership went under criticism with emergence of Juntas de Ofensivas de Agitación Carloctavista, Movimiento de Agitación Social Católico Monárquista[98] and Frente Nacional Carlista, new Carloctavista structures challenging the collaborative strategy.[99] Though it was Cora who laid out initial reading of the Carloctavista claim, in the 1940s as legal expert he withdrew to the back seat; his 1932 booklet was replaced as key theoretical work first by an anonymous pamphlet issued in 1948[100] and then by a lecture published by Antonio Lizarza in 1950.[101]

 
Franco (mid-1950s)

In daily business Cora's role was about propaganda activities and manning the interface to official authorities.[102] Featuring "Viva Franco y Carlos VIII" as the slogan, he accompanied the claimant in his numerous tours across the country, apart from close meetings punctuated by public gatherings styled as "concentraciones patrióticas".[103] On the official front, he worked to ensure at least amicable permission if not approval on part of the regime, exploiting his links in El Pardo and among the top Falangists. He played down setbacks like the 1948 Franco's agreement with Don Juan[104] and at some points believed that official nomination of Carlos VIII as the future jefe de estado was near.[105] However, his repeated attempts to arrange Don Carlos' meeting with Franco bore no fruit[106] until 1952.[107] The encounter left many Carloctavistas ecstatic, especially that soon afterwards Cora ensured Franco's acceptance of the Carlos-VIII-created Orden de San Carlos Borromeo.[108] However, any official, semi-official or unofficial endorsement of Don Carlos's claim on part of the regime failed to materialize before in late 1953 he unexpectedly died of cerebral hemorrhage.[109] During the funeral ceremonies of late 1953 and early 1954 Cora enjoyed probably most media attention in his life, featured in the press, radio broadcasts and newsreels.[110]

Carloctavista: between Don Antonio and Don Francisco (1954-1969)

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Don Antonio (earlier photo)

Though many Carloctavistas considered their cause hopeless and withdrew into privacy or joined other Carlist branches, Cora was determined to go on; he advanced the cause of an older brother of the late Don Carlos, Don Antonio, who seemed leaning towards some sort of political activity. Early 1954 Cora convinced most members of the Comunión Católico-Monárquica executive to welcome Don Antonio as Carlos IX, the move which caught him by surprise.[111] Following a brief vacillation period, later that year Don Antonio declared that he would not assume any political activity.[112] Though there were alternative options considered,[113] Cora y Lira then set sights on Don Antonio's 17-year-old son Don Domingo. He launched a fund-raising campaign to facilitate his settling in Spain,[114] until in 1955 furious might-have-been Carlos IX expulsed Cora – which was his third expulsion already – for "arbitrario ejercicio del mando".[115]

In 1956 another brother of the late Don Carlos, Don Francisco José, challenged his older sibling and claimed monarchical rights himself; it is not clear if and to what extent this move was inspired by or agreed with Cora, who rushed to promote the claim and became the chief advocate of the new claimant.[116] During the following years he represented Don Francisco José in Spain, the task made easier by the 1961 withdrawal of Don Antonio into privacy.[117] In more practical terms, Cora represented his king as a lawyer, fighting nobility-related legal battles before Spanish courts; in the early 1960s they were mostly about the duque de Madrid title, traditionally claimed by Carlist pretenders and at that time coveted also by another hopeful from the Javierista branch, Don Carlos Hugo.[118] Though he was personally admitted by Franco in 1956,[119] 1957,[120] 1960[121] 1964[122] and 1966,[123] it is not known whether these meetings were anything more than routine courteous receptions.

 
Prince of Spain

In the early 1960s Cora was leaning towards some sort of reconciliation between all Carlist offshoot branches which parted during the previous 20 years: Rodeznistas, Carloctavistas, Sivattistas and the recently separated politicians like Francisco Elías de Tejada or José Luis Zamanillo.[124] Its objective was gaining critical mass to confront what was left of mainstream Carlism, at that time increasingly under the influence of socialist-minded Huguistas. Mocked by them as "Don Jesús",[125] in 1964 he took part in Primer Congreso de Estudios Tradicionalistas, organized by a freshly created Traditionalist think-tank Centro de Estudios Históricos y Políticos General Zumalacárregui.[126] At that time Carloctavismo was reduced to grouplets organized around few periodicals; their activity was boiling down to few isolated episodes. One of Cora's last public appearances was the 1966 Carloctavista gathering in Poblet.[127] He died 3 months before his lifetime efforts crashed definitely with the July 1969 nomination of Don Juan Carlos as Principe de España and the future king of Spain. With his death Carloctavismo lost its moving spirit, not that much in terms of theory and ideology, but rather in terms of dedication and enthusiasm.[128]

Civil servant, publisher, regionalist, syndicalist

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La Voz de la Verdad

It is not clear whether beyond the military realm Cora pursued his law career systematically or rather periodically, most likely when not tied up by his navy duties. The press reported him engaged in three different periods. In the 1910s he was briefly noted as the Lugo municipal attorney.[129] In 1928-1930 he practiced as municipal judge[130] of the Madrid Hospicio district[131] court,[132] but during the Republic years instead of a juez he was noted as a lawyer,[133] member of the Madrid Colegio de Abogados.[134] In the mid-1950s he was again noted as judge performing routine admin duties in Madrid.[135]

Upon the 1917 launch of La Coruña-based Catholic daily El Ideal Gallego Cora was its Lugo correspondent;[136] he contributed also to La Voz de la Verdad, the Lugo newspaper launched in 1910, issued in 2,000 copies[137] and closely related to local diocesan organization.[138] Already in the mid-1910s his brother José was editor-in-chief of the paper;[139] by the end of the decade Cora assumed these duties himself,[140] though it is not clear for how long.[141] He might have been related to the daily also in the 1920s, as during the dictatorship it was officially issued by Sindicatos Agrarios of Lugo,[142] organization to some extent animated by Cora.[143] His obituaries claimed that Cora collaborated also with Madrid periodicals,[144] though except El Cruzado Español no other title can be identified.

 
Estatuto da Galiza (draft)

Cora cherished his Galician self and demonstrated interest in regional issues as correspondent of the local press and a once-off regionalist candidate to the Cortes.[145] During late Restauración La Voz de la Verdad opposed autonomy plans and pursued a traditional, regionalism based cultural identity,[146] but in 1930 Cora co-drafted a document titled Aportación al futuro Estatuto de Galicia[147] and during the Republic he was noted for supporting the autonomous statute.[148] In Madrid he engaged in Galician organizations active in the capital, growing to vice-president of Ler Gallego in 1929.[149] In 1931 he entered junta directiva of Secretariado de Galicia in Madrid, nominated head of its Estadistica, Sociologia y Derecho committee.[150] Finally, during early Francoism he resumed these duties as member of Junta Directiva of Centro Gallego in Madrid.[151]

Cora's interest in social issues is marked by his Traditionalist approach, entrenched in enmity towards laissez-faire liberalism – let alone Marxist and revolutionary ideas - and based on Catholic and gremialist solutions. First information on his activity comes from 1924, when he was noted as engaged in the local Lugo Sociedad de Pasivos.[152] During the dictatorship he gradually focused on agrarian cooperatives; he became their public advocate and co-founded Sindicato Católico Obrero de Lugo.[153] Following the advent of the Republic he sporadically kept addressing – in writing or during public meetings – social issues in general and agrarian ones in particular,[154] also when related to Carlism.[155] During Francoism Cora resumed his social interest, e.g. when active in Congreso de Orientación Social.[156] On practical side, he engaged in charity work as hermano mayor honorario of Cofradía del Santísimo Cristo de la Piedad de Vivero.[157]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ ABC 09.04.69, available here
  2. ^ Xosé Manuel Abel Expósito, Cora. torre de Xerdiz Ourol Lugo entry [in:] xenealoxía.org service, 13.03.2003, available here
  3. ^ Purificación de Cora Más Villafuerte and Jesús' father were cousins sharing the same grandfather, Miguel de Cora y Bolaño, Abel Expósito 2003
  4. ^ though not in the Lugo province; he held governmental jobs in Albacete, Ciudad Real and Cuenca, see Nicolas Vidal Lopez, Purificación de Cora y Más Villafuerte, da prensa de partido ao xornalismo como empresa: historia e periodismo en Lugo 1908 a 1940, Santiago de Compostela 2009, ISBN 9788496982383, also Cristina Barreiro Gordillo, Los diarios gallegos ante el estallido de la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914), [in:] Aportes 88 (2015), pp. 29-54
  5. ^ Santiago F. Pardo de Cela, Carlos Adrán Goás, La Milicia Honrada de Viveiro en 1810, [in:] Galicia Digital 03.05.2013, available here
  6. ^ El Progreso 26.10.28, available here
  7. ^ Vida Marítima 20.11.05, available here
  8. ^ El Orzán 16.10.28, available here
  9. ^ El Progreso 20.08.19, available here
  10. ^ Abel Expósito 2003
  11. ^ El Progreso 14.10.28, available here
  12. ^ José Carlos Clemente Muñoz, El carlismo en el novecientos español (1876-1936), Madrid 1999, ISBN 9788483741535, p. 135; he was personally mentioned by Don Alfonso Carlos in his 1933 letter; the Carlist king queried about his health
  13. ^ Abel Expósito 2003
  14. ^ Paul Preston, Franco. A biography, London 2011, ISBN 9780006862109, p. 6
  15. ^ El Progreso 02.06.40, available here
  16. ^ ABC 05.06.35, available here
  17. ^ El Progreso 21.10.11, available here
  18. ^ Abel Expósito 2003
  19. ^ ABC 08.04.69, available here
  20. ^ Abel Expósito 2003
  21. ^ e.g. when acknowledged during summer holiday of 1926, when he was 36, Xoán Ramón Fernández Pacios, A praia de Foz imán turístico 1850 a 1930, [in:] O gabinete de Foz 04.04.2015, available here
  22. ^ ABC 08.04.69
  23. ^ El Progreso 21.10.11, available here
  24. ^ La Epoca 02.05.18, available here
  25. ^ La Correspondencia de España 05.05.18, available here
  26. ^ La Correspondencia Militar 04.06.20, available here
  27. ^ Guía Oficial de España 1922, p. 565, available here
  28. ^ Guía Oficial de España 1923, p. 578, available here
  29. ^ El Progreso 07.04.25, available here
  30. ^ Fernández Pacios 2015
  31. ^ Ordenanzas militares post, [in:] todoexpertos service 16.01.2003, available here
  32. ^ ABC 27.09.31, available here
  33. ^ El Progreso 23.10.31, available here
  34. ^ El Progreso 08.12.31, available here
  35. ^ when mentioned, Cora is usually referred to as "abogado" or "juez"
  36. ^ El Progreso 12.07.36, available here
  37. ^ María José Barreiro, Manuel Barreiro Rey, [in:] Sociedad Benéfica de Historiadores Aficionados y Creadores service 2009, available here
  38. ^ El Progreso 01.11.36, available here
  39. ^ Marcelino Laruejo, Juan Sandalio Sánchez Ferragut, comandante del crucero "Almirante Cervera", que fue fusilado en Ferrol, [in:] Asturias Republicana service, available here
  40. ^ Boletín oficial de la provincia de Caceres 02.01.37, available here, Melchor Ferrer , Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol XXX, Sevilla 1979, p. 37
  41. ^ El Progreso 09.07.39, available here
  42. ^ El Progreso 20.01.40, available here
  43. ^ ABC 19.09.42, available here
  44. ^ ABC 05.08.42, available here
  45. ^ ABC 02.10.45, available here
  46. ^ Hoja Oficial del Lunes 09.06.47, available here
  47. ^ Pensamiento Alaves 04.05.45, available here, ABC 04.05.45, available here
  48. ^ Imperio. Diario de Zamora 13.05.48, available here
  49. ^ Imperio. Diario de Zamora 16.02.46, available here, ABC 16.02.56, available here
  50. ^ ABC 14.01.56, available here, ABC 22.01.56, available here
  51. ^ La Vanguardia Española 09.04.69, available here
  52. ^ Imperio. Diario de Zamora 05.12.57, available here
  53. ^ Imperio. Diario de Zamora 19.01.61, available here
  54. ^ ABC 06.01.62, available here
  55. ^ "Por la noche. Velada en el Círculo", El Correo Español 05.11.1906, available here
  56. ^ Barreiro Gordillo 2015, p. 41
  57. ^ some authors report him as elected, Barreiro Gordillo 2015, p. 41
  58. ^ El Progreso 21.02.18, available here
  59. ^ see the official Cortes service, available here
  60. ^ La Nación 25.06.28, available here, also ABC 09.09.28, available here
  61. ^ Unión Patriótica 02.07.30, available here
  62. ^ El Siglo Futuro 13.12.31, available here
  63. ^ La Nación 05.01.33, available here
  64. ^ its first issue appeared on July 25, 1929, Manuel de Santa Cruz Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta, Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español: 1939-1966, vol. 3, Seville 1979, p. 27. A Carlist circle under the same name and sharing the same vision was set up in Bilbao in the early 1930s, Santa Cruz 1979, p. 28
  65. ^ Eduardo González Calleja, La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931-1937), [in:] El Argonauta Espanol 9 (2012), available here
  66. ^ "Nuestras autoridades, Ilmo. Señor D. Jesús de Cora y Lira, Jefe provincial carlista de Madrid", El Cruzado Español 18.12.1931, available here
  67. ^ González Calleja 2012
  68. ^ "designar a su debido secesor según los leyes y procedimientos tradicionales", El Cruzado Español 25.06.32
  69. ^ and accompanied by a manifesto titled A todos los leales de la Tradición, Melchor Ferrer, Breve historia del legitimismo español, Madrid 1958, p. 113; it was signed by Pedro de Apodaca, Juan Pérez de Nájera, Antonio Redondo, Emilio Deán, Ramón Cómas, Rafael Hidalgo de Morillo, Juan Vicedo Calatayud, Bibiano Esteban, Jaime Martínez Rubio and Francisco A. Jiménez, Ferrer 1958, p. 43
  70. ^ accompanied by another work, Comentarios a la Vigente Ley Reguladora de la Sucesión Dinástica Española impropriamenta llamada Ley Sálica, in some versions signed as authored by "J. de Arco", a pen-named sometimes used by Cora, Santa Cruz 1979, vol. 4, p. 142
  71. ^ Francisco de las Heras y Borrero, Un pretendiente desconocido. Carlos de Habsburgo. El otro candidato de Franco, Madrid 2004, ISBN 8497725565, pp. 35-36
  72. ^ Jordi Canal, El carlismo. Dos siglos de contrarrevolución en España, Madrid 2000, ISBN 9788420639475, p. 306
  73. ^ Julio Prada Rodriguez, El Fénix que siempre renace. El carlismo ourensano (1894-1936), [in:] Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Series V, Historia Contemporánea, vol. 17, 2005, p. 135
  74. ^ Prada Rodriguez 2005, pp. 135-7
  75. ^ Antonio Somoza Cayado, Construción e destrución da cidadanía societaria: dinámica social e política da provincia de Lugo na Segunda República e nos primeiros anos do franquismo (1930-1950) [PhD thesis Universidad de Santiago de Compostela], Santiado de Compostela 2012, p. 223
  76. ^ El Progreso 05.09.34, available here
  77. ^ Ferrer 1979, vol. XXX, p. 70, Clemente 1999, p. 173. Many authors from the onset, i.e. from the early 1931, refer to Cruzadistas and to Nucleo de la Lealtad, see e.g. Santa Cruz 1979 vol. 3, pp. 26-7
  78. ^ José Carlos Clemente, El carlismo contra Franco, Madrid 2003, ISBN 9788489644878, p. 179, his also Raros, heterodoxos, disidentes y viñetas del Carlismo, Madrid 1995, p. 116
  79. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 39, La Nación 30.05.35, available here
  80. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 39
  81. ^ Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008, ISBN 9780521207294, p. 216. Some authors claim that the Cruzadistas went even further and declared Carlos Pio the legitimate heir, Canal 2000, p. 319. The text published in the press in 1935 as allegedly adopted by the assembly read that "nuestra inclinación hacia el Archiduque Don Carlos", Santa Cruz 1979, vol. 3, p. 29
  82. ^ Ferrer 1979, vol. XXX, pp. 58-59
  83. ^ Ferrer 1979, vol. XXX, p. 37
  84. ^ El Progreso 21.05.38, available here
  85. ^ a new letter to Fal, demanding termination of the regency, nomination of the king and suggesting Carlos Pio was issued by a few Navarrese priests and Antonio Lizarza in April 1941, Santa Cruz 1979, vol. 3, p. 49
  86. ^ circumstances of his death remain highly unclear. The Carlist press listed him among victims of the Republican terror, see El Avisador Numantino 15.11.39, available here. One author indicates he died of hunger when a refugee in Valencia in 1938, Guillermo Arsenio de Izaga, Los presos de Madrid: recuerdos e impresiones de un cautivo en la España roja, Madrid 1940, p. 460
  87. ^ those listed as "principales próceres" were, apart from Cora, also Izaga, Deán Barro, Plazaola, del Burgo, Zuazo, Lizarza Iribarren and Larraya, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 53
  88. ^ e.g. travelling to Italy in 1943 to elicit appropriate statement form dona blanca, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 55
  89. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 70
  90. ^ Martorell Pérez 2009, pp. 71, 187
  91. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 71-2
  92. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 102
  93. ^ Robert Vallverdú Martí, La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975), Montserrt 2014, ISBN 9788498837261, p. 121
  94. ^ his would-have been counter-candidates for leadership were nationally known Requeté commanders Antonio Lizarza Iribarren and Jaime del Burgo Torres, possibly also local leaders like a Navarro Emilio Dean Berro, see César Alcalá, Cruzadistas y carloctavistas: historia de una conspiración, Barcelona 2012, ISBN 9788493884253, pp. 249-50, or a Catalan Ramón Gassió Bosch, Clemente 1999, p. 24
  95. ^ some scholars claim that Carloctavismo and Falangismo were almost one and the same thing, Vallverdú Martí 2014, p. 122. Others note that Cora clearly distinguished between Traditionalism and national-sindicalism, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe, El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955-56), [in:] Hispania 69 (2009), p. 206; the author quotes a letter sent by Cora to Arrese. One more scholar notes that Cora was "more loyal to Carlism than to the [Francoist] regime", Ramón María Rodon Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, p. 112
  96. ^ e.g. he engineered a propaganda strategy of dealing with failed Don Carlos' marriage, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 118
  97. ^ see e.g. a sub-chapter titled Carlos VIII, que inventaron los franquistas in Clemente 1995, pp. 115-118 or a section titled Gallery of traitors, replicated in a number of books by Josep Carles Clemente, e.g. his Breve historia de las guerras carlistas, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788499671697, pp. 183-4. The thesis of Carloctavismo having been nothing but a Francoist invention is presented in numerous works of the author, see Josep Carles Clemente, Historia del Carlismo contemporaneo 1935–1972, Barcelona 1977, ISBN 9788425307591. p. 184, his also El Carlismo: historia de una disidencia social (1833-1976), Madrid 1990, ISBN 9788434410923, p. 128, Los días fugaces. El Carlismo. De las guerras civiles a la transición democratica, Cuenca 2013, ISBN 9788495414243, p. 54, El carlismo en la España de Franco, Madrid 1994, ISBN 8424506707, p. 25, Clemente 1999, p. 24. The same thesis repeated also by others, see Fermín Pérez-Nievas Borderas, Contra viento y marea. Historia de la evolución ideological del carlismo a través de dos siglos de lucha, Estella 1999, ISBN 8460589323, p. 152 and María Teresa Borbón-Parma, Josep Carles Clemente, Joaquín Cubero Sanchez, Don Javier, una vida al servicio de la libertad, Barcelona 1997, ISBN 9788401530180, pp. 191-198
  98. ^ Alcalá 2012, p. 330, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 84
  99. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 82
  100. ^ El carlismo no quiere ni una Monarquía absoluta, ni una Monarquía liberal, ni un Estado totalitario, ni un Estado policíaco, detailed discussion of the work in Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 91-98
  101. ^ La sucesión legítima a la corona de España, a full-blown lecture of Octavista claim, Santa Cruz 1979, vol. 4, p. 173; the work was originally a PhD thesis, see Fondo Francisco Javier de Lizarza Inda, available here
  102. ^ in 1948 he was received by Franco, Imperio. Diario de Zamora 13.05.48, available here
  103. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 71, 76
  104. ^ he declared "estamos debidamente autorizados para declaras que no ha sido alterada, al menos hasta la fecha, en los más minimo la situación que venía existiendo entre el Rey, nuestro Señor, y el Generalisimo Franco", Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 78
  105. ^ especially in the fall of 1949, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 79
  106. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 79
  107. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 86-8, 243, some claim the meeting took place in 1951, Clemente Muñoz 1995, p. 118
  108. ^ in 1961 Franco refused a Toisón de Oro honour from Don Juan; there are speculations that Franco considered Toisón a state decoration while he viewed the San Carlos Borromeo order a dynastical one, Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 87. In 1952 Franco also formally acknowledged some appointments made by Don Carlos, namely his nomination of Vicente de Cadenas as Cronista de Armas, Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 103-104. However, unlike in case of nobility titles granted by earlier Carlist claimants, Franco has never recognized Carloctavista nobility titles, namely 2 marquesados, 10 condados and 1 vizcondado, all created in 1944-1951, Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 101-103
  109. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 89-90, 119-121
  110. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 124-131
  111. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 140-1
  112. ^ most Carloctavista leaders were overwhelmed by this sequence of disasters and sensed that their cause was turning into a grotesque; one of them concluded that "estamos, queridos compañeros, en el más absoluto y completo de los ridículos", Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 142-143
  113. ^ Jaime del Burgo suggested that the oldest daughter of Carlos Pio, a 14-year-old Doña Alejandra, is declared "abanderada provisional" so that she could transmit hereditary rights to her future son, Heras y Borrero 2004, pp. 143-4
  114. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 144
  115. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 145
  116. ^ Vallverdú Martí 2014, p. 172; one author claims that even after 1956, Cora was supporting Don Antonio, see José Maria de Montells y Galán, La Otra Dinastia, 1833-1975, Madrid 1995, ISBN 8492001658, available here Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine. Among those backing Don Francisco José the Gipuzkoanos prevailed, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada Tiffe 2009, p. 199
  117. ^ according to one reading he considered his royal claim as a heavy cross to bear and was happy to declare the struggle over once both his sons concluded morganatic marriages, rendering the line incapable of transmitting the heritage rights further on, Montells 1995, available online here Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
  118. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 158, Vallverdú Martí 2014, p. 124
  119. ^ Imperio. Diario de Zamora 16.02.56, available here, ABC 16.02.56, available here
  120. ^ Imperio. Diario de Zamora 05.12.57, available here
  121. ^ ABC 28.01.60, available here
  122. ^ ABC 23.04.60, available here
  123. ^ ABC 08.12.66, available here
  124. ^ Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias: el carlismo, 1962-1977, Pamplona 1997, ISBN 9788431315641, p. 182
  125. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 183. Cora has been subject to Javierista ridicule since the mid-1940s, when he advanced the Carloctavista claim; for details and samples see Vallverdú Martí 2014, p. 128
  126. ^ Francisco Elías de Tejada, Rafael Gambra, Francisco Puy Muñoz, ¿Que es el carlismo?, Madrid 1971, available online here Archived 2016-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  127. ^ Heras y Borrero 2004, p. 160, Vallverdú Martí 2014, p. 202
  128. ^ which is incompatible with a stereotypical Spanish image of Gallegos, notorious for their indecision. The most popular Spanish joke about them claims that when you meet a Gallego on the stairs, you can not say whether he is going up or down, see ABC 14.12.12, available here
  129. ^ El Progreso18.11.15, available here
  130. ^ Ferrer 1979, vol. XXX, p. 37.
  131. ^ El Sol 30.08.29, available here
  132. ^ El Sol 29.12.29, available here
  133. ^ ABC 25.02.33, available here
  134. ^ El Sol 03.04.32, available here
  135. ^ see e.g. ABC 17.06.54, available here
  136. ^ El Progreso 04.04.17, available here
  137. ^ compared to 15,000 of most popular Galician dailies, Benigno Fernández Salgado, Os rudimentos da lingüística galega: un estudio de textos lingüísticos galegos de principios do século XX, 1913-1936, Santiago de Compostela 2000, ISBN 9788481218596, p. 302
  138. ^ ABC 09.04.69, available here
  139. ^ in 1915 a José Cora y Lira was named as redactor while Antonio Cendrón Grandas was named director, Boletín de Real Academia Gallega 219 (1929), available here Archived 2016-05-05 at the Wayback Machine
  140. ^ El Progreso 24.02.18, available here
  141. ^ the author speclaizing in Carlist press does not indicate duration of his tenure, see Barreiro Gordillo 2015, p. 41
  142. ^ Paloma Abejón Mendoza, Prensa y autonomismo en la provincia de Lugo durante la Segunda República [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2010, p. 160
  143. ^ until 1930, when it was purchased by new proprietors, Abejón Mendoza 2010, pp. 161-165
  144. ^ ABC 09.04.69, available here
  145. ^ El Progreso 24.02.18, available here
  146. ^ Abejón Mendoza 2010, pp. 161-165
  147. ^ Santa Cruz 1979, vol. 4, p. 143
  148. ^ Prada Rodriguez 2005, p. 135
  149. ^ ABC 14.03.29, available here
  150. ^ El Progreso 22.07.31, available < here
  151. ^ ABC 05.04.45, available here
  152. ^ La Provincia 30.01.24, available here
  153. ^ ABC 09.04.69, available here
  154. ^ e.g. in August 1931 he wrote on agrarian issues in Galicia, compare El Orzán 11.08.31, available here
  155. ^ compare his lecture El problema social y el carlismo, ABC 25.02.33, available here
  156. ^ Hoja Oficial de Lunes 10.12.62, available here
  157. ^ Modesto Pérez Rodriguez, Colección de Pregones. Semana Sabta 1981, [in:] Semana Santa Viveiro 11.04.1981, available here

Further reading

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  • César Alcalá, Cruzadistas y carloctavistas: historia de una conspiración, Barcelona 2012, ISBN 9788493884253
  • Iñigo Bolinaga Irasuegui, El carloctavismo, [in:] Historia 16/370 (2007), pp. 78–87
  • Francisco de las Heras y Borrero, El archiduque Carlos de Habsburgo-Lorena y de Borbón, [in:] Historia y Vida 180 (1983), pp. 26–35
  • Francisco de las Heras y Borrero, Un pretendiente desconocido. Carlos de Habsburgo. El otro candidato de Franco, Madrid 2004, ISBN 8497725565
  • Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español vol XXX, Sevilla 1979
  • José Maria de Montells y Galán, La Otra Dinastia, 1833-1975, Madrid 1995, ISBN 8492001658
  • Manuel de Santa Cruz [Alberto Ruiz de Galarreta], Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español, vols. 3-4, Sevilla 1979
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