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Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

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"Talmudic Aramaic" redirects here. For the language of the Jerusalem Talmud, see Jewish Palestinian Aramaic.

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: ארמית Ārāmît) was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the seventh century), the Targum Onqelos, and of post-Talmudic (Gaonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions on incantation bowls.[1]

Babylonian Aramaic
ארמית Ārāmît
Incantation bowl in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
RegionBabylonia, modern day southern and some of central Iraq
Eraca. 200–1200 CE
Early form
Babylonian Alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3tmr
Glottologjewi1240

Classification and type

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Incantation bowl inscribed in Babylonian Aramaic, using Hebrew square-script, dated between 400 and 800, in the collection of the Jewish Museum of Switzerland.

The language was closely related to other Eastern Aramaic dialects such as Mandaic. Its original pronunciation is uncertain, and has to be reconstructed with the help of these kindred dialects and of the reading tradition of the Yemenite Jews,[2] and where available those of the Iraqi, Syrian and Egyptian Jews.[citation needed] The value of the Yemenite reading tradition has been challenged by Matthew Morgenstern.[3] (The vocalized Aramaic texts with which Jews are familiar, from the Bible and the prayer book, are of limited usefulness for this purpose, as they are in different dialects.)[4]

Talmudic Aramaic bears all the marks of being a specialist language of study and legal argumentation, like Law French,[citation needed] rather than a vernacular mother tongue,[citation needed] and continued in use for these purposes long after Judeo-Arabic had become the languages of daily life. It has developed a battery of technical logical terms, such as tiyuvta (conclusive refutation) and tiqu (undecidable moot point), which are still used in Jewish legal writings, including those in other languages, and have influenced modern Hebrew.[citation needed]

Like the other Judeo-Aramaic languages, it was written in the Hebrew alphabet.

Grammar

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Pronouns

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Independent nominative pronouns

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Independent personal pronouns[5] Meaning Examples
אנא‎ First person, singular, common
את‎ Second person, singular, common
הוא / איהו‎ Third person, singular, masculine
היא / איהי‎ Third person, singular, feminine
אנן‎ First person, plural, common אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי‎
We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b) [6]
אתון‎ Second person, plural, masculine אתון דשאליתו לי דיאילו‎
It is you that I borrowed (Baba Mesia 97a)
אתון דמיקרביתו לרב‎
You, who are attached to Rav (Shabbat 37b)
אינהו‎ Third person, plural, masculine אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי‎
We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b) [7]
אינהי‎ Third person, plural, feminine

Copulative pronouns

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Copulative pronouns[8] Meaning Examples
נא‎ First person, singular, common עדיפנא‎
I am more worthy (Kiddushin 29b) [9]
ת‎ Second person, singular, common עציבת‎
You (common singular) are sad (Pesahim 3b) [10]
ניהו‎ Third person, singular, masculine מי ידענא היכא ניהו‎
Do I know where he is (Sanhedrin 39a) [11]
הי ניהו‎
which is it (Nid. 41b) [12]
ניהי‎ Third person, singular, feminine
נן‎ First person, plural, common זוטרינן‎
we are young (Baba Qama 92b) [13]
תו(ן)‎ Second person, plural, masculine חכימתו‎
You (masculine plural) are wise (Gitin 56b) [14]
נינהו‎ Third person, plural, masculine הני הילכתה נינהו‎
These are laws from tradition (they) Mo'ed Qatan 3b [15]
גזלני נינהו‎
Robbers, they (Baba Batra 100a) [16]
סהדי שקרי נינהו‎
Lying witnesses, they (Baba Batra 92b) [17]
נינהי‎ Third person, plural, feminine קדושה והבדלה חדה מילתא נינהי‎
Qedusha and Havdalah are one thing, they are (Pesah 102b) [18]
כולהי חדא ברכתא נינהי‎
all one long blessing, they are (Pesah 103b) [19]

Genitive pronominal suffixes

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Genitive pronominal suffix[20] Genitive pronominal suffix (Hebrew) Meaning Examples
ַ אי‎ [21][22] ִ י‎ First person, singular possessive. My נַפְשַאי‎
my person
(jevamot 64b)[23]
דוּכְתַּאי‎
my position
(ketuvot 77b)[24]
ִי ךְ‎ [25][26] ְ ךָ‎ Second person, singular, possessive. Your פְּסוּקִיךְ‎
your verse
(chagiga 15)[27]
ָ ךְ‎ [28][29] ֵ ךְ‎ Second person, singular, possessive. Your רַבָּךְ‎
your teacher
(pesachim 24)[30]
שוּפְרָךְ‎
your beauty
(Bava Metzia 84a)
אמר ליה {רבי יוחנן} חילך לאורייתא {כמה יפה כוחך לסבול עול תורה} אמר ליה{ריש לקיש} שופרך לנשי {יופיך ראוי לנשים}
ֵי הּ‎ וֹ‎ Third person, singular, masculine possessive. His יְהֵא שְׁמֵיהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ‎

May his great name shall be blessed (Kaddish Shalem, 8th century)

ָ הּ‎ ָ הּ‎ Third person, singular, feminine possessive. Her אסירא לייחודי בגברא דלא דידָהּ‎
She is forbidden to be together in the room alone with a man who is not her husband (Erubin 100b)[31]
ִי ן‎ [32][33] ֵ נוּ‎ First person, plural possessive. Our אַרְעִין‎
our land (shanhedrin 94)[34]
ַ יְכוּ‎ [35][36] ְ כֶם‎ Second person, plural, masculine possessive. Your גַבְרַיְיכוּ‎
Your men (Shabbat 140b)[37]
ַ יְיכִי‎ [38][39]


ְ כֶן‎ Second person, plural, feminine possessive. Your קַרְחַיְיכִי‎
your baldness
(pesachim 110)[40]
פַּרְחַיְיכִי‎
your crumbs
(pesachim 110)[41]
ַ יְהוּ‎ [42][43] ָ ם‎ Third person, plural, masculine possessive. Their מָנַיְיהוּ‎
their clothes (Shabbat 133b)
מִינַיְיהוּ(ן)‎ [44]
from the men
ַ יְהִי‎ [45][46] ָ ן‎ Third person, plural, feminine possessive. Their עָלַיְיהִי(ן)‎ [47]
about the women
Suffix + אִית Meaning Examples
אִיתֵיהּ‎ He is/exists[48][49]
אִיתָהּ‎ She is/exists [50][51]
אִיתְנָן‎ We are/exist [52]
אִיתַנְכוּ‎ You (pl. m.) are/exist[53]
אִיתַנְכִי‎ You (pl. f.) are/exist[54]
אִיתַנְהוּ‎ They (m.) are/exist[55][56]
אִיתַנְהִי‎ They (f.) are/exist[57][58]

Demonstrative pronoun

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Demonstrative pronoun (near/proximal) Meaning Examples
הַאי(י)‎ Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֶה) [59] מהַאי גִּיסָא ומהַאי גִּיסָא אַדַּעְתָּא דְדיקלא‎
on the one side ... , on the other side with precise intention for
האיי דיאנא‎
this judge
האיי קלא‎
this voice
הָא‎ Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. This (Hebrew:זֹאת)[60] הא מילתא‎ this word/thing
הָ(א)נֵי‎ Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[61] הָנֵי מילי‎ these words/things
הָנֵי ‎ Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[62] הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ‎
(Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not )
Demonstrative pronoun (medial) Meaning Examples
הַאי(י)+ךְ←הַאִיךְ‎ Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That [63][64] איתתיה דהאייך‎
His wife of that (man)
הָא+ךְ←הָךְ‎ Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That [65] הך ארעא‎
that land
הך לשנא‎
that language
הָ(א)נֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ‎ Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those [66][67] מן הָנַךְ טעמי‎
Because of those reasons
הָנַךְ אֲזַלוּ לְעָלְמָא והָנֵי אַחֲרִינֵי נינהו‎
Those others have gone away, and these are others here
הָנֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ‎ Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those [68] הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ‎
(Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not )
Demonstrative pronoun (remote/distal) Meaning Examples
הָהוּ(א)‎ Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הוּא) [69] הָהוּא גַבְרָא‎
(Berachot 6b)
(any man, anybody, that man )
הָהִי(א)‎ Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative. That (Hebrew:הִיא)[70] הָהִיא אִתְּתָא דַאֲתָא לְקָמֵיהּ‎
(nedarim 50b)
(That woman, who came before him )
הָנְהוּ ‎ Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵם)[71][72]
הָנְהִי ‎ Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative. Those (Hebrew:הֵן)[73]

Accusative pronominal suffixes

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Accusative pronominal suffix[74] Meaning Examples
ַ ן‎

ַ ני‎ [75]

First person, singular, common גַנְבַן‎ (Nedarim 62) he stole me

נַטְרַנִי‎ he supervised me [76]

נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ

ך ‎ [77] Second person, singular, masculine
יך ‎ Second person, singular, feminine
יה ‎ Third person, feminine, singular
ה ‎ Third person, masculine, singular
ה ‎ Third person, masculine, singular
ינן ‎ [78] First person, plural, common
ינכו ‎ second person, plural, masculine
נכי ‎ second person, plural, feminine
ינון / ינ(ה)ו ‎ [79] Third person, plural, masculine נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ‎ (pessachim 13) he shall put them (the words) together and write them [80]
ינון / י(נ)הי‎ [81] Third person, plural, feminine וּרְמִי אִינְהִי ← וּרְמִינְהִי‎ (berachot 9) you shall opposite them (the two sentences) [82]

Six major verbal patterns

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There are six major verb stems or verbal patterns (binyanim) in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. The form pe‘al (פְּעַל) “to do”, the form Aph'el (אַפְעֵל) “let do”, and the form Pa'el (פַּעֵל) “like to do”, are all in the active voice. But the form Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל), the form Itaph'al (אִתַפְעַל) and the form Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) are essentially reflexive and usually function in a passive sense.[83][84]

Aramaic binyan Hebrew binyan Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
פְּעַל Pe'al קַל Qal/Pa'al כְּתַב כָּתַב he wrote
אִתְפְּעֵל Itpe'el נִפְעַל Niphal אִתְכְּתֵיב נִכְתַב it was written
אַפְעֵל Aph'el הִפְעִיל Hiph'il אַפְקֵד הִפְקִיד he deposited
אִתַפְעַל Itaph'al הֻפְעַל Huph‘al אִתַפְקַד הֻפְקַד it was deposited
פַּעֵל Pa'el פִּעֵל Pi'el קַדֵּיש קִדֵּש he sanctifed
אִתְפַּעַל Itpa'al הִתְפַּעֵל Hitpa'el וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ הִתְקַדֵּשׁ it was sanctifed

Verbal pattern (binyan): pe‘al (פְּעַל) Basic Verb – Active

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past tense
Aramaic verb WROTE [85] Hebrew verb parallel WROTE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא כְּתַבִית אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִּי ana k'tavit ani katavti I wrote
אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ אַתָּה כָּתַבְתָּ att' k'tavt atta katavta you (m.) wrote
אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ אַתְּ כָּתַבְתְּ att' k'tavt att' katavt you (f.) wrote
הוּא כְּתַב הוּא כָּתַב hu k'tav hu katav he wrote
הִיא כְּתַבָה הִיא כָּתְבָה hi k'tava hi kat'va she wrote
אֲנָן כְּתַבִינָן אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ anan k'tavinan anu katavnu we wrote
אַתּוּ כְּתַבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם כְּתַבְתֶּם attu k'tavitu attem k'tavtem you (m.pl.) wrote
אינון כְּתַבוּ הם כָּתְּבוּ innun k'tavu hem katvu they (m.) wrote
Aramaic verb CAME [86] Hebrew verb parallel CAME Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֲתֵיתִי
אֲנָא אֲתַאי		 אֲנִי בָּאתִי ana ateti/ana atai ani bati I came
אַתְּ אֲתֵית אַתָּה בָּאתָ at atet ata bata you (m.) came
אַתְּ  ? אַתְּ בָּאת at ? at bat you (f.) came
הוּא אֲתָא הוּא בָּא hu ata hu ba he came
הִיא אֲתָת
הִיא אֲתַאי
הִיא אתיא
הִיא בָּאָה i atat/atai/atjia hi ba'a she came
אֲנָן אֲתַאן
אֲנָן אֲתַן
אֲנָן אֲתֵינַן
אָנוּ בָּאנוּ anan atan/atenan anu banu we came
אַתּוּ אֲתֵיתוּ אַתֶּם בָּאתֶם atu atetu atem batem you (m.pl.) came
אינון אֲתוּ הם בָּאוּ innun atu hem ba'u they (m.) came
אינין אֲתַיָין
אינין אֲתַאָן
יאינין אתן
הן בָּאוּ innin attajan hen ba'u they (f.) came
Participle

The Aramaic verb has two participles: an active participle with suffix[87] and a passive participle with suffix:[88]

active participles with suffix
Aramaic active participle WRITE with suffix Hebrew active participle WRITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
כָּתֵיב + אֲנָא ← כָּתֵיבְנָא אֲנִי כּוֹתֵב katevna←katev+ana ani kotev I write
כָּתֵיב + אַתְּ ← כָּתְבַתְּ אַתָּה כּוֹתֵב katvat← katev+ata ata kotev you write
כָּתְבִי + אֲנָן ← כָּתְבִינָן אָנוּ כּוֹתְבִים katvinan←katvi+anan anu kotvim we write
כָּתְבִי + אַתּוּ ← כָּתְבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם כּוֹתְבִים katvitu← katvi+atu atem kotvim you (pl.) write
Aramaic active participle COME with suffix[89] Hebrew active participle COME Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אֲנָא ← אָתֵינָא אֲנִי בָּא atena←ate+ana ani ba I come
אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אַתְּ ← אָתֵיתְּ אַתָּה בָּא atet← ate+at ata ba You come
אָתוּ / אָתֵיָין + אֲנָן ← אָתִינָן אָנוּ בָּאִים atinan←atu+anan anu ba'iim we come
passive participle with suffix
Aramaic passive participle with suffix BUSY Hebrew passive participle BUSY Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
עֲסִיק + אֲנָא ← עֲסִיקְנָא אֲנִי עָסוּק assiqna←assiq+ana ani assuq I am busy
עֲסִיק + אַתְּ ← עֲסִיקַתְּ אַתָּה עָסוּק assiqat← assiq+ata ata assuq you are busy
עֲסִיקִי + אֲנַן ← עֲסִיקִינַן אָנוּ עֲסוּקִים assiqinan←assiqi+anan anu assuqim we are busy
עֲסִיקִי + אַתּוּ ← עֲסִיקִיתּוּ אַתֶּם עֲסוּקִים assiqitu← assiqi+atu atem assuqim you (pl.) are busy
infinitive /gerund
Aramaic infinitive /gerund TO COME Hebrew infinitive /gerund Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
(לְ)מֵיתֵי / לְמֵיתָא (לָ)בוֹא Lemeta/meteyi la'vo TO COME
Future tense
Aramaic verb WILL WRITE [90] Hebrew verb parallel WILL WRITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶיכְתּוֹב אֲנִי אֶכְתּוֹב ana eikhtov ani ekhtov I will write
אַתְּ תִּיכְתּוֹב אַתָּה תִּכְתּוֹב at tikhtov ata tikhtov You (m.sing.)will write
אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִין אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִי at tikhtevin at tikhtevi You (f.sing.) will write
הוּא לִיכְתּוֹב הוּא יִכְתּוֹב hu likhtov hu yikhtov He will write
הִיא תִּיכְתּוֹב הִיא תִּכְתּוֹב hi tikhtov hi tikhtov She will write
אֲנָן לִיכְתּוֹב אָנוּ נִכְתּוֹב anan likhtov anu nikhtov We will write
אַתּוּ תִּיכְתְּבוּן אַתֶּם תִּיכְתְּבוּ atu tikhtevu atem tikhtevun you (m.pl.) will write
אינון לִיכְתְּבוּן הם יכְתְּבוּ innun likhtevun hem yikhtevu they (m.pl.) will write

Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל) Basic Verb – Passive

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past tense
Aramaic verb WAS/WERE WRITTEN [91] Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE WRITTEN Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיבִית אֲנִי נִכְתַבְתִּי ana itk'tevit ani nikhtavti I was written
אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ אַתָּה נִכְתַבְתָּה at itk'tavt ata nikhtavta you (m.s.) were written
אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ אַתְּ נִכְתַבְתְּ at itk'tavt at nikhtavt you (f.s.) were written
הוּא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיב הוּא נִכְתַבְ hu itk'tev hu nikhtav it (m.) was written
הִיא אִי(תְ)כַּתְבָה הִיא נִכְתְּבָה hi itkatva hi nikhteva it (f.) was written
אֲנָן אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִינָן אָנוּ נִכְתַבְנוּ anan itkatvinan anu nikhtavnu we were written
אַתּוּ אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִיתּוּ אַתֶּם נִכְתַבְתֶּם atu itkatvitu atem nikhtavtem you (m.pl.) were written
אינון אִי(תְ)כַּתְבוּ הם נִכְתְּבוּ innun itkatvu hem nikhtevu they (m.pl.) were written
future tense
Aramaic verb Will BE WRITTEN [92] Hebrew verb parallel Will BE WRITTEN Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אֲנִי אֶכָּתֵיב ana ekktev ani ekkatev I will be written
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אַתָּה תִכָּתֵיב at tikktev ata tikkatev you (m.s.) will be written
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבִין אַתְּ תִכָּתֵיבִי at tikkatevin at tikkatevi you (f.s.) will be written
הוּא לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב הוּא יִכָּתֵיב hu likktev hu yikkatev it (m.) will be written
הִיא תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב הִיא תִכָּתֵיב hi tikktev hi tikkatev it (f.) will be written
אֲנָן לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב אָנוּ נִכָּתֵיב anan likktev anu nikkatev we will be written
אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)כַּתְבוּ אַתֶּם תִכָּתְבוּ atu tikkat'vu atem tikkatvu you (m.pl.) will be written
אינון לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבוּן הם יִכָּתבוּ innun likktevun em ikkatvu they (s.pl.) will be written
אינין לִ(תְ)כַּתְבָן הן תִכָּתֵבְנָה innin likkt'van en tikkatevna they (m.pl.) will be written

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Verbal pattern (binyan): pa‘el (פַּעֵל) Frequentative – Active

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The verbal pattern (binyan) pa‘el are frequentative verbs showing repeated or intense action.

The verbal pattern pa'el is Active Frequentative.

past tense
Aramaic verb SANCTIFIED [93] Hebrew verb parallel SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא קַדֵּישִית אֲנִי קִדַּשְתִּי ana qadeshit ani qiddashti I sanctified
אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ אַתָּה קִדַּשְתָּ at qadesht ata qiddashta You (m.s.) sanctified
אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ אַתְּ קִדַּשְתְּ at qadesht at qiddasht You (f.s.) sanctified
הוּא קַדֵּיש הוּא קִדֵּש hu qaddesh hu qiddesh he sanctified
הִיא קַדִּישָה הִיא קִדְּשָה hi qaddisha hi qiddsha she sanctified
אֲנָן קַדֵּישְנָן אָנוּ קִדַּשְנוּ anan qaddeshnan anu qiddashnu we sanctified
אַתּוּ קַדֵּישְתּוּ אַתֶּם קִדַּשְתֶּם atu qaddeshtu atem qiddashtem You (m.pl.) sanctified
אינון קַדִּישוּ הם קִדְּשוּ innun qaddishu hem qiddshu they (m.pl.) sanctified
future tense
Aramaic verb WILL SANCTIFY [94] Hebrew verb parallel WILL SANCTIFY Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֲקַדֵּיש אֲנִי אֲקַדֵּש ana aqadesh ani aqadesh I will sanctify
אַתְּ תְקַדֵּיש אַתָּה תְקַדֵּש at teqadesh ata teqadesh You (m.s.) will sanctify
אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי at teqadeshi at teqadeshi You (f.s.) will sanctify
הוּא יְקַדֵּיש הוּא יְקַדֵּש hu yeqadesh hu yeqadesh he will sanctify
הִיא תְקַדֵּיש הִיא תְקַדֵּש hi teqadesh hi teqadesh she will sanctify
אֲנָן לְקַדֵּיש אָנוּ נְקַדֵּש anan leqadesh anu neqadesh we will sanctify
אַתּוּ תְקַדְּשוּ אַתֶּם תְקַדְּשוּ atu teqadshu atem teqadshu You (m.pl.) will sanctify
אינון לְקַדְּשוּ הם יְקַדְּשוּ innun leqadshu hem yeqadeshu they (m.pl.) will sanctify
אינין לְקַדְּשָן הן תְקַדֵּשְנָה innin leqadshan hen teqadeshna they (f.pl.) will sanctify

Verbal pattern (binyan): Itpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) Frequentative – Passive

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The verbal pattern itpa'al is Passive Frequentative.

Aramaic verb WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED [95] Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁית אֲנִי נִתְקַדַּשְׁתִּי ana yiqqadashit ani nitqadashti I was sanctified
אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ אַתָּה נִתְקַדַּשָׁה at yiqqadasht ata nitqqadasha you (m.s.) were sanctified
אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ אַתְּ נִתְקַדַּשְׁתְּ at yiqqadasht at nitqadasht you (f.s.) were sanctified
הוּא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הוּא נִתְקַדַּשׁ hu yiqqadash hu nitqadash it (m.) was sanctified
הִיא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשָׁה הִיא נִתְקַדַּשָׁה hi yiqqadasha hi nitqadasha it (f.) was sanctified
אֲנָן יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁינָן אָנוּ נִתְקַדַּשׁנוּ anu yiqqadashinan anu nitqadashnu we were sanctified
אַתּוּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁיתּוּ אַתֶּם נִתְקַדַּשְׁתֶּם atu yiqqadashitu innu nitqadashtem they (f.) were sanctified
אִינון יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁוּ הם נִתְקַדַּשׁוּ innun yiqqadashitu hem nitqadashu they (m.) were sanctified
Aramaic verb WILL BE SANCTIFIED [96] Hebrew verb parallel WILL BE SANCTIFIED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)קַדֵּשׁ אֲנִי אֶתְקַדַּשׁ ana eqqadash ani etqadesh I will be sanctified
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ אַתָּה תִתְקַדֵּשׁ at tiqqadash ata titqadesh you (m.s.) will be sanctified
אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשִׁין אַתְּ תִתְקַדְּשִׁי at tiqqadshin at titqadshi you (f.s.) will be sanctified
הוּא לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הוּא יִתְקַדֵּשׁ hu liqqadash hu yitqadesh it (m.) will be sanctified
הִיא תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ הִיא תִתְקַדֵּשׁ hi tiqqadash hi titqadesh it (f.) will be sanctified
אֲנָן לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ אָנוּ נִתְקַדֵּשׁ anan liqqadash anu nitqadesh we will be sanctified
אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשׁוּ אַתֶּם תִתְקַדְּשׁוּ atu tiqqadshu atem titqadshu you (m.pl.) will be sanctified
אינון לִ(תְ)קַדְּשוּן הם יִתְקַדְּשׁוּ innun liqqadshun hem yitqadshu they (m.pl.) will be sanctified
אינין לִ(תְ)קַדְּשָׁן הן תִתְקַדֵּשְׁנָה innin liqqadshan hen titqadeshna they (f.pl.) will be sanctified

Verbal pattern (binyan): aph‘el (אַפְעֵל‎) Causative – Active

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The verbal pattern aphel is Active Causative.

past tense
Aramaic verb DEPOSITED [97] Hebrew verb parallel DEPOSITED Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַפְקֵידִית אֲנִי הִפְקַדְתִּי ana afqedit ani hifqaḏti I deposited
אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ אַתָּה הִפְקַדְתָּ at afqedt ata hifqaḏtta you (m.s.) deposited
אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ אַתְּ הִפְקַדְתְּ at afqedt at hifqaḏett you (f.s.) deposited
הוּא אַפְקֵיד הוּא הִפְקִיד hu afqed hu yifqid he deposited
הִיא אַפְקִידָה הִיא הִפְקִידָה hi afqidah hi yifqidah she deposited
אֲנָן אַפְקְדִינָן אָנוּ הִפְקַדְנוּ anan afqedinan anu hifqadnu we deposited
אַתּוּ אַפְקְדִיתּוּ אַתֶּם הִפְקַדְתֶּם atu afqeditu atem hifqaḏtem you (m.pl.) deposited
אינון אַפְקִידוּ הם הִפְקִידוּ innun aphqidu hem hifqidu they (m.pl.) deposited
Aramaic verb BROUGHT [98] Hebrew verb parallel BROUGHT Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַיְיתֵית אֲנִי הֵבֵאתִי ana ajtet ani heveti I brought
אַתְּ אַיְיתֵיית אַתָּה הֵבֵאתָ at aytet ata heveta you (m.s.) brought
הוּא אַיְיתִי הוּא הֵבִיא hu ayti hu hevi he brought
הִיא אַיְיתָא
הִיא אַתָיְא
הִיא אַתָאי
 הִיא הֵבִיאָה hi ayta hi heviya she brought
אֲנָן אַיְיתֵינָא אָנוּ הֵבֵאנוּ anan aytena anu hevenu we brought
אינון אַיְיתוּ הם הֵבִיאוּ innun aytu em hevi'u they (m.pl.) brought
Participle
Aramaic active participle BRING with suffix [99] Hebrew active participle BRING Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אֲנָא ← מַיְיתֵינָא אֲנִי מֵבִיא maitena ←maite+ana ani mevi I bring
מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אַתְּ ← מַיְיתֵיתְּ אַתָּה מֵבִיא maitet← maite+at ata mevi you bring
מַיְיתוּ / מַיְתָן + אֲנָן ← מַיְיתִינָן אָנוּ מֵבִיאִים maitinan←atu+maitu anu mev'iim we bring
Future tense
Aramaic verb WILL DEPOSITE [100] Hebrew verb parallel WILL DEPOSITE Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַפְקֵד אֲנִי אַפְקִיד ana afqed ani afqid I will deposite
אַתְּ תַפְקֵד אַתָּה תַפְקִיד at tafqed ata tafqid you (m.) will deposite
אַתְּ תַפְקְדִי אַתְּ תַפְקִידִי at tafqedi at tafqidi you (f.) will deposite
הוּא לַפְקֵד הוּא יַפְקִיד hu lafqed hu yahqid he will deposite
הִיא תַפְקֵד הִיא תַפְקִיד hi tafqed hi tafqid she will deposite
אֲנָן לַפְקֵד אָנוּ נַפְקִיד anan lafqed anu nafqid we will deposite
אַתּוּ תַפְקְדוּ אַתֶּם תַפְקִידוּ atu tafqedu atem tafqidu you (m.pl.) will deposite
אינון לַפְקְדוּ הם יַפְקִידוּ innun lafqedu hem yafqidu they (m.) will deposite
Aramaic verb WILL BRING [101] Hebrew verb parallel WILL BRING Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
אֲנָא אַיְיתֵי אֲנִי אָבִיא ana ayite ani avi I will bring
אַתְּ תַיְיתֵי אַתָּה תָּבִיא at tayite ata tavi you (m.) will bring
אַתְּ  ? אַתְּ תָּבִיאי at ? at tavi'i you (f.) will bring
הוּא לַיְיתֵי הוּא יָבִיא hu layite hu yavi he will bring
הִיא תַיְיתֵי הִיא תָּבִיא hi tayite hi tavi she will bring
אֲנָן לַיְיתֵי אָנוּ נָבִיא anan layite anu navi we will bring
אַתּוּ תַיְתוּ אַתֶּם תָּבִיאוּ atu tayitu atem tavi'u you (m.pl.) will bring
אינון לַיְתוּ הם יָבִיאוּ innun layitu em yavi'u they (m.) will bring

Verbal pattern (binyan): itaphal (אִתַּפְעַל) Causative – Passive voice

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The verbal pattern itaphal is Passive Causative.

Aramaic verb was refuted/were refuted [102] Hebrew verb parallel was refuted/were refuted Romanization of Aramaic Romanization of Hebrew English translation
הוּא אִיתּוֹתַב הוּא הוּשַׁב hu ittothav hu hushav it (m.s.) was refuted
אינון אִיתּוֹתְבוּ הם הוּשְׁבוּ innun ittotvu hem hushvu they (m.pl.) were refuted

Noun: singular/plural

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noun: singular[103]
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
מַלְכָּא (malk-a) [104] המֶלֶךְ (ha-melekh)[105] the king[106]
עָלְמָא (ʿalm-a)[107] העוֹלָם (ha-ʿolam)[108] the world[109]
מְדִינְתָא (meḏin-ta)[110] המְדִינָה (ha-medina)[111] the state[112]
מְנָא הָא מִילְּתָא דְּאָמְרִי אֱנָשֵׁי (mil-tha)[113] מִנַּיִין מִלָּה זֹאת שֶׁאוֹמְרִים אֲנָשִׁים (ha-mila) the word/thing[114]
noun: plural[115]
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
מַלְכֵי (malkheji)/ מַלְכַיָּא (malkh-aya)[116][117] המְלָכִים (ha-melakhim)[118] the kings[119]
עָלְמֵי (ʿalmeyi)/ עָלְמַיָּא (ʿalm-ayia)[120] העוֹלָמים (ha-olamim) [121] the worlds[122]
מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי (mil-eyi)[123] מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה (ha-milim) the words/things

List of verbs

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Aramaic verb Hebrew verb parallel English translation
בע' [124] רָצָה ask, request, want and require
חז' [125] רָאָה see
עבד [126] עָשָׂה do/make
פלג [127] חלק divide
צרך [128] צריך necessity
את'[129] בָּא come
תנ' [130] שנה teach, learn, state, recite and repeat
תוב [131] שוב return
נפק [132] יָצָא go out
נחת [133] יָרַד go down
סלק [134] עָלָה go up
ילף [135] למד learn, teach
יתב [136] יָשַׁב to sit
זבן[137] קָנָה/מָכַר to buy/sell
הדר [138] חָזַר to return
סלק [139] הוֹרִיד, הֵסִיר to remove
גלי [140] גִּלָּה to reveal
אסי [141] רִפֵּא to heal, cure
הוי [142] הָיָה he was
קום / קָאֵם [143] הִתְקַיֵּם/עומד to stand
עלל [144] בָּא אֶל to enter

Idiom

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Idiom
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example Hebrew parallel English translation
of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example
קָאֵים
(qa'em)[145] 		– "rising, standing, referring to"[146]
קָאֵים – קָא
(qa) [147] 		– – [148]
מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן
(mai qa mashma lan) [149] 		מָה מַשְׁמִיעַ לָנּוּ
(ma mashma lanu) 		"What new point is he teaching us "[150]
מַאי קָאָמַר
(mai qa'amar )[151] 		מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר
(ma hu omer) 		"What does he mean "[152]
תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן
(tanu rabanan)[153] 		שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים
(shanu khakhamim) 		"the rabbis taught"[154]
מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי
(mena hane mileji)[155] 		מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה
(minajin ha-milim ha-ele) 		"What is the source"[156]

Modern study

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The language has received considerable scholarly attention, as shown in the bibliography below. However, the majority of those who are familiar with it, namely Orthodox Jewish students of Talmud, are given no systematic instruction in the language, and are expected to "sink or swim" in the course of their Talmudic studies, with the help of some informal pointers showing similarities and differences with Hebrew.[157]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Sokoloff 2003
  2. ^ Morag 1988
  3. ^ Morgenstern 2011
  4. ^ Elitzur Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (2013)
  5. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 78
  6. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 79
  7. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 79
  8. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  9. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  10. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  11. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  12. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 101
  13. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  14. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 99
  15. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 82
  16. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  17. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  18. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  19. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 100
  20. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90
  21. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  22. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 65, 66.
  23. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  24. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  25. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  26. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  27. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  28. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  29. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  30. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  31. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 91.
  32. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  33. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  34. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 66.
  35. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  36. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  37. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  38. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  39. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  40. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  41. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  42. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  43. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  44. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 92.
  45. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90.
  46. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 67.
  47. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 92.
  48. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  49. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  50. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  51. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  52. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  53. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  54. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  55. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  56. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  57. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 90, 104
  58. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 95.
  59. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  60. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  61. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  62. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  63. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  64. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 73.
  65. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  66. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  67. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 73.
  68. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  69. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  70. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  71. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  72. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 72.
  73. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 80
  74. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 191
  75. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
  76. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 91.
  77. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
  78. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 192
  79. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 194
  80. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 84, 92.
  81. ^ Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal, Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Ugarit, Münster 2013, p. 194
  82. ^ Samuel David Luzzatto/Marcus Salomon Krüger:Grammatik der biblisch-chaldäischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli: ein Grundriss, Schletter, Breslau 1873, p. 92.
  83. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 18:A survey of the aramaic binyanim.
  84. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic: , Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 23:Talmud Bavli Aramaic.
  85. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 22:Past tense: binyan.
  86. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 123:Past tense: came.
  87. ^ Frank (2011), p. 32.
  88. ^ Frank (2011), p. 33.
  89. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 124:active participle with suffix
  90. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 36:Future tense: binyan.
  91. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 25:Past tense: binyan.
  92. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 39:Future tense: binyan.
  93. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 23:Past tense: binyan.
  94. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 37:Future tense: binyan.
  95. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 26:Past tense: binyan.
  96. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 40:Future tense: banyan.
  97. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 24:Past tense: binyan.
  98. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p.123 f.
  99. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 124:active participle with suffix
  100. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 38:Future tense: binyan.
  101. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 125:Future tense: will bring.
  102. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1, p. 94:Past tense:was refuted/were refuted.
  103. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231-232.
  104. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  105. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  106. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  107. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  108. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  109. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  110. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  111. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 232.
  112. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 232.
  113. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178:From where is the maxim that people say?
  114. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  115. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231-232.
  116. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 233: ...in the plural of masculine nouns ... construct forms such as מַלְכֵי are often used not only in the construct state but even in the absolute and emphatic states. Thus, in Babylonian Aramaic, the form מַלְכֵי may mean either the kings of or kings or the kings.
  117. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  118. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  119. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 233.
  120. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  121. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  122. ^ Yitzhak Frank: Grammar for Gemara and targum onkelos: An Introduction to Aramaic, Ariel Institute, Jerusalem 2011 ISBN 978-1-59826-466-1,p. 231.
  123. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178:From where do we derive these things?
  124. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 105f.
  125. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 108f.
  126. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 59f.
  127. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 50f.
  128. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 56f.
  129. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 123f.
  130. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 116f.
  131. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 93.
  132. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 68f.
  133. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 70f.
  134. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 74.
  135. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 82f.
  136. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 88f.
  137. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, (Nr. 2 – Index).
  138. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 64.
  139. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 74f.
  140. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 111.
  141. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 114f.
  142. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 126f.
  143. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, 132f.
  144. ^ Frank (2011), p. 49, (Nr. 26 – Index).
  145. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 230.
  146. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 230: "This participle is often used with a word that has a prepositional prefix – אֵי, to mean basing oneself upon or referring to."
  147. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 229.
  148. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 229: " A contraction of the participle קָאֵים (from the root קום ) is often placed before another participle...it has an emphatic effect that is difficult to translate into English ."
  149. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 153.
  150. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 153: "What new point is he teaching us? This question points out a difficulty: Since the amora's halakha was already known to us from a mishna, a baraita, or the amora's own statement on another occasion – why did the amora present it again?"
  151. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 152.
  152. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 152: "What does he mean? This question seeks a clarification of the meaning of a mishna, a baraitha, an amoraic statement, or a pasuk."
  153. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 260.
  154. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 260: "the hakhamim taught. This expression usually introduces a baraitha that begins with an anonymous statement."
  155. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, p. 178.
  156. ^ Yitzhak Frank: The Practical Talmud Dictionary, Jerusalem 2001, s. p.178: "From where do we derive these things? What is the source? This question seeks a source for a statement in a mishna, in a baraitha, or by an amora."
  157. ^ Bushinsky, J., The passion of Aramaic-Kurdish Jews brought Aramaic to Israel, Ekurd Daily, originally from the Jerusalem Post, published 15 April 2005, accessed 11 November 2023

Bibliography

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  • Bar-Asher Siegal, Elitzur A., Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2013 ISBN 978-3-86835-084-5
  • J. N. Epstein, Diqduq Aramit Bavlit ("Grammar of Babylonian Aramaic"), 1960 (Hebrew)
  • Frank, Yitzhak, Grammar for Gemara: An Introduction to Babylonian Aramaic: Jerusalem, Ariel Institute, 2000 ISBN 0-87306-612-X
  • Jastrow, Marcus, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (reprinted many times) ISBN 1-56563-860-3
  • Kara, Yehiel, Babylonian Aramaic in the Yemenite Manuscripts of the Talmud: Orthography, Phonology and Morphology of the Verb: Jerusalem 1983
  • Klein, Hyman, An Introduction to the Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud: London 1943
  • Kutscher, Eduard Yechezkel, Hebrew and Aramaic Studies, ed. Z. Ben-Hayyim, A. Dotan, and G. Sarfatti: Jerusalem, The Magnes Press / The Hebrew University, 1977
  • Levias, Caspar, A grammar of the Aramaic idiom contained in the Babylonian Talmud: 1900 (reprints available)
  • Marcus, David, A Manual of Babylonian Jewish Aramaic: University Press of America, Paperback ISBN 0-8191-1363-8
  • Margolis, Max Leopold, A manual of the Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud; grammar chrestomathy & glossaries: Munich 1910 (reprints available)
  • Melamed, Ezra Zion, Dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud, Feldheim 2005 ISBN 1-58330-776-1
  • Morag, Shelomo (1988). Babylonian Aramaic: The Yemenite Tradition – Historical Aspects and Transmission Phonology: the Verbal System . Jerusalem: Ben Zvi Institute. ISBN 0-8018-7233-2. (in Hebrew)
  • Morgenstern, Matthew (2011). Studies in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Based Upon Early Eastern Manuscripts. Harvard Semitic Studies. ISBN 978-1-57506-938-8.
  • Sokoloff, Michael (2003). A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods. Bar Ilan and Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7233-2.
 
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