John Johnstone (28 April 1734 – 10 December 1795)[3] was a Scottish nabob,[4] a corrupt official of the British East India Company who returned home with great wealth. Described as "a shrewd and unscrupulous business man",[5] he survived several scandals and became a major landowner when he returned to Scotland in 1765.
John Johnstone | |
|---|---|
 from a larger painting[1] | |
| Born | 28 April 1734 |
| Died | 10 December 1795 (aged 61) Alva, Clackmannanshire, Scotland |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Known for | Making a fortune in India (equivalent to £36.2 million in 2024).[2] |
| Spouse | Elizabeth |
Johnstone sat in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1774 to 1780, having bribed his way to a victory in the Dysart Burghs.
Early life and family
editJohnstone was born in Edinburgh, the fifth son of Sir James Johnstone, 3rd Baronet (1697–1772) and his wife, Barbara (died 1773), daughter of Alexander Murray, 4th Lord Elibank.[6] The Jacobite plotter Alexander Murray of Elibank was his uncle.[5]
His brothers included the British Army officer and politician Sir James Johnstone, 4th Baronet (1726–1794), the wealthy lawyer and politician William (later Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet (1729–1805), and the politician and Royal Navy officer George Johnstone (1730–1787).[5] Another brother, Patrick, died in the Black Hole of Calcutta.[6] His sister was Margaret, Lady Ogilvy, a Jacobite.
In 1765 Johnstone married Elizabeth Caroline Keene, daughter of a Colonel Keene from Northamptonshire, and niece of the diplomat Sir Benjamin Keene.[5] They had one son and daughter. His daughter, Ann Elizabeth (b. 1776, d. 1851) married James Gordon of Craig. His son, James Raymond Johnstone of Alva, married Mary Elizabeth Cholmeley (b. c 1778, d. 9 Sep 1843).[3]
The family became very powerful, and it was claimed that by the late 1750s they were "involved in every major event in the British Empire".[7]
Career
editIndia
editJohnstone went to Bengal in 1751, as a writer for the East India Company. He was at Dacca in 1756 when conflict broke out and was taken prisoner. After his release, emboldened by the death of his brother Patrick, he volunteered to join the company's military forces under Robert Clive for the Battle of Plassey, and saw further military service before resuming civilian work in 1757.[6]
In about 1760 Johnstone was placed in charge of the company's affairs in Midnapore, and became a member of the Bengal Council. His success there led to a transfer in 1762 to Burdwan, where he developed private businesses which led to conflict with Henry Vansittart, the Governor of Bengal. This led to Johnstone being dismissed by the Company in early 1764, but the company's Court of Directors overturned the decision on 21 March 1764,[8] and he was reinstated by May.[5]
Johnstone's former ally Robert Clive did not support Johnstone's return to his post, and when Clive succeeded Vansittart as governor in 1765 he began an inquiry into gifts totalling over £50,000 which Johnstone had secured from the new Nawab of Bengal, Najimuddin Ali Khan.[8]
In 1764, the Company had adopted new regulations which required its officers to sign a covenant that they would accept non-trivial gifts only with the prior approval of the directors.[9] Clive forced the resignation of Johnstone, who sailed for Britain in October 1765[8] with a fortune estimated at £300,000[10] (equivalent to £36.2 million in 2024[2]).
Aged 31, Johnstone proceeded to buy estates in Scotland, first at Alva in Stirlingshire, and later in Selkirkshire and Dumfriesshire.[6]
Scotland
edit
The Johnstone family account says that he spent "about a ninth" of his money on the estates at Alva, Hanginghaw and Denovan, and "lived quietly" there until his election to Parliament.[8][11] However his letters to his brother William reveal that he continued to engage in speculation and stock manipulation.[8]
Meanwhile, the directors of the East India Company moved to prosecute Johnstone for his actions.[5] His allies, led by George Dempster, lobbied on his behalf[8] and in his defence Johnstone published in 1766 "A letter to the proprietors of East-India stock", subtitled "Vindication of His Conduct in Receiving Presents from the Native Governments of India".[5][12] In May 1767, the General Court of the East India Company over-ruled its directors, and dropped all prosecutions against its former servants, and Johnstone walked free.[8]
The following year, at the 1768 general election, Johnstone contested the parliamentary borough of Haslemere in Surrey, where he was defeated.[8]
At the next election, in 1774 Johnstone used guile and money to win the seat of Dysart Burghs, which consisted of five burghs in the county of Fife: Kirkcaldy, Burntisland, Kinghorn, and Dysart. The Caledonian Mercury reported on 2 November 1774 that Johnstone did not declare his interest until after the burghs had chosen their delegates, and caught the sitting MP James Oswald by surprise. Johnstone won the support of Dysart, and bribed the backing of Burntisland and Kinghorn delegates, winning the seat.[13]
However, at the 1780 election Johnstone lost the support of Burntisland to his opponent John Henderson, who won the seat on the casting vote of Kirkcaldy.[13]
Death and legacy
edit
Johnstone died on 10 December 1795, aged 61, at home in Alva House,[6] which had been remodelled and expanded in 1789 to the designs of Robert Adam.[14]
Adam's works also included a family mausoleum to house the remains of Johnstone and his wife Caroline in Alva churchyard.[15]
His son James Raymond Johnstone (died 1830), had 8 children, of whom the eldest James Johnstone (1801–1888) was MP for Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire.[16]
Alva house remained in his family for over a century, and in 1890 it passed to his descendant Carolin Johnstone. She sold the surrounding estate to reduce her debts, but failed to clear them, and the house was abandoned by the 1920s. It was used for target practice during World War II, and left in ruins.[17]
References
edit- ^ a b John Johnstone, Betty Johnstone and Miss Wedderburn, attrib Henry Raeburn, BBC, retrieved July 2014
- ^ a b UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
- ^ a b Burke, John (1835). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank: But Uninvested with Heritable Honours, Volume 2. Henry Colburn. p. 302. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ Marshall, P. J. (2004). "Eighteenth-century India". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/92745. Retrieved 19 June 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b c d e f g Haden-Guest, Edith (1964). L. Namier; J. Brooke (eds.). "JOHNSTONE, John (1734–95), of Denovan and Alva, Stirling". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790. Boydell and Brewer. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Prior, D. L. (2004). "Johnstone, John (1734–1795)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/63515. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Harrington, Jack (2010). Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-230-10885-1. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Evans, John (2004). The Gentleman Usher: The Life & Times of George Dempster 1712–1818. Pen and Sword. pp. 65–72. ISBN 978-1-84415-151-6. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ Khan, Abdul Majed (2007). The Transition in Bengal, 1756–75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-521-04982-5. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ Hamilton, Douglas (2012). "Chapter 22: Scotland and the 18th-century Empire". In Devine, T. M.; Wormald, Jenny (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History. Oxford University Press. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-19-956369-2. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ Johnstone 1909, pp. 180–1
- ^ Johnstone, John (1766). A letter to the proprietors of East-India stock. London. ISBN 978-1-170-51679-9. British Library UIN BLL01001889842.
- ^ a b Brooke, John (1964). L. Namier; J. Brooke (eds.). "Dysart Burghs: Single Member Scottish burgh". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790. Boydell and Brewer. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ "Site Record for Alva House". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ "Johnstone Mausoleum". Clackmannanshire Council. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ Johnstone 1909, p. 301
- ^ MacInnes, Kellan (2014). Caleb's List: Climbing the Scottish Mountains Visible from Arthur's Seat. Luath Press Ltd. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-908373-53-3. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
Bibliography
edit- Johnstone, C. L. (1909). History of the Johnstones, 1191–1909, with descriptions of border life. Edinburgh: W. & A.K. Johnston, Ltd.