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Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification

The "Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification" (JDDJ) is a document created and agreed to by the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (PCPCU) and the Lutheran World Federation in 1999 as a result of Catholic–Lutheran dialogue. It states that the churches now share "a common understanding of our justification by God's grace through faith in Christ."[1] To the parties involved, this substantially resolves much of the 500-year-old conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation.

Plaque commemorating the Joint Declaration at St. Anne's Church, Augsburg

As of 2017, the bodies representing 75% of the world's Christians have formally affirmed the Joint Declaration. Now as a five-way agreement between the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutheran World Federation, the World Methodist Council, the Anglican Communion, and the World Communion of Reformed Churches,[2] it is, however, not without controversy.

Approach

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The intention of the Joint Declaration is as follows:

"The present Joint Declaration has this intention: namely, to show that on the basis of their dialogue the subscribing Lutheran churches and the Roman Catholic Church are now able to articulate a common understanding of our justification by God’s grace through faith in Christ. It does not cover all that either church teaches about justification; it does encompass a consensus on basic truths of the doctrine of justification and shows that the remaining differences in its explication are no longer the occasion for doctrinal condemnations.

— "Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification" cl. 5

The PCPCU and the Lutheran World Federation acknowledge in the declaration that the excommunications relating to the doctrine of justification set forth by the Council of Trent do not apply to the teachings of the Lutheran churches set forth in the text; likewise, the churches acknowledged that the condemnations set forth in the Lutheran Confessions do not apply to the Catholic teachings on justification set forth in the document.

The common understanding of Justification is given in simple confessions such as

"Together we confess: By grace alone, in faith in Christ's saving work and not because of any merit on our part, we are accepted by God and receive the Holy Spirit, who renews our hearts while equipping and calling us to good works."

— "Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification" cl. 15

The Joint Declaration lists the main "distinctive emphases" of the different communions who have affirmed the declaration: their bottom lines.It explains the "emphases", and couches them as approaching the same common doctrine from different angles rather than necessarily the one contradicting the other, or saying which angle is best. As well as explaining the "emphases" from the view of the communion that holds it, the Joint Declaration also address the main problems identified or misinterpretated by the other party. For example:

"When Catholics affirm the “meritorious” character of good works, they wish to say that, according to the biblical witness, a reward in heaven is promised to these works. Their intention is to emphasize the responsibility of persons for their actions, not to contest the character of those works as gifts, or far less to deny that justification always remains the unmerited gift of grace."

— "Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification" cl. 38

The Joint Declaration avoids mention or treatment of several issues of historical contention:[3][4] "free will", "predestination", "original sin", "total depravity", "indulgence", "satisfaction", and "sanctification". (The Methodist Statement of Association with the Joint Declaration does include discussion of sanctification.)

Reception

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Support for the joint declaration was not universal among Lutherans. Of the 124 members of the Lutheran World Federation, 35 cast votes against JDDJ; these included many churches who are also members of the International Lutheran Council.[5] Member churches of the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference even stated that "JDDJ [...] should be repudiated by all Lutherans."[6]

Some Catholics have raised other objections. Some contend that the Lutheran signers do not have the required authority to represent their communities (since, from a Catholic perspective, they are not full churches) and, therefore, that no Lutheran can make the agreement binding on the constituents of the Lutheran World Federation. The final paragraph of the Annex to the Official Common Statement, however, settles this matter.[7]

Other Catholics object to the statement itself, arguing that it is out of line with the Council of Trent, but the document is clear that it is not negating or contradicting any statements from Trent; rather, it is arguing for the non-applicability of its canons to concrete Christian bodies in the modern world.[8] The document was approved by the Vatican under the auspices of the PCPCU, which was established by Pope John XXIII at the Second Vatican Council and is headed by a Catholic bishop; thus, the declaration is (at least) an exercise of the ordinary magisterium of the bishops who authorized the statement. A clarification was issued jointly by the PCPCU and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith,[9] which is also an exercise of the ordinary magisterium.

On 18 July 2006, the World Methodist Council, meeting in Seoul, South Korea, voted unanimously to adopt the document.[10][11]

In 1986 the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) produced a statement called "Salvation and the Church", which observed that the two Communions are agreed on the essential aspects of the doctrine of salvation and on the Church’s role within it. Consequently, in 2016, Anglican Consultative Council Resolution 16.17 "welcomes and affirms the substance of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ), signed by Lutherans and Roman Catholics in 1999",[12] in the St. Anne's Church in Augsburg, Germany.

The leadership of the World Communion of Reformed Churches—representing 80 million members of Congregational, Presbyterian, Reformed, United, Uniting and Waldensian churches—also signed the document and formally associated with it at an ecumenical prayer service on 5 July 2017.[13][14]

The 2019 edition of the Joint Declaration includes statements by the Methodist and Reformed bodies detailing the nature and extent of their affirmation, so that their "distinctive emphases" and where their theology goes beyond the consensus are represented.

In 2021, a Baptist theologian suggested that World Baptist Alliance could also assent to the Joint Declaration.[15]

Orthodox theologian Nicolas Kazarian suggests that many of the ideas involved in the Protestant-Catholic disputes on justification (original sin, merit, imputation[16]) do not resonate with Orthodox thought, but notes a 1998 Lutheran-Orthodox study document "Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."[17]

References

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  1. ^ "Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification". Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. 31 October 1999. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  2. ^ "Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification". Anglican Communion.
  3. ^ Nichols, Aidan (2001). "The Lutheran-Catholic Agreement on Justification: Botch or Breakthrough?". New Blackfriars. 82 (967): 375–386. ISSN 0028-4289.
  4. ^ Slenczka, Reinhard (2009). "Agreement and Disagreement about Justification: Ten Years after the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification". concordia Theological Quarterly. 73.
  5. ^ McCain, Rev. Paul T. (12 March 2010). "A Betrayal of the Gospel: The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification". First Things. ISSN 1047-5141. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  6. ^ "Justification". WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 28 September 2009.
  7. ^ "Annex to the Official Common Statement paragraph 4". Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. 31 October 1999. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  8. ^ "Annex to the Official Common Statement paragraph 1". Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. 31 October 1999. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  9. ^ "Response of the Catholic Church to the Joint Declaration 5". Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. 1 November 1999. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  10. ^ LaBarr, Joan G. (20 July 2006). "World Methodists approve further ecumenical dialogue". United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006.
  11. ^ Wooden, Cindy (24 July 2006). "Methodists adopt Catholic-Lutheran declaration on justification". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 25 July 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  12. ^ "Resolution 16.17: Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification".
  13. ^ "Vatican note on Reformed Churches' signing of Justification Declaration". Vatican Radio. 4 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  14. ^ Heneghan, Tom. “Reformed Churches Endorse Catholic-Lutheran Accord on Key Reformation Dispute.” Religion News Service (6 July 2017).
  15. ^ Swarat, Uwe (November 2021). "The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification : An Outline of its Genesis and Impact From a Baptist's Perspective". Pro Ecclesia: A Journal of Catholic and Evangelical Theology. 30 (4): 392–419. doi:10.1177/10638512211044790.
  16. ^ Breck, Fr John (1 September 2006). "God's "Righteousness"". www.oca.org. Orthodox Church in America.
  17. ^ Kazarian, Nicolas. "Orthodox view on the Lutheran-Catholic Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese Blog - Orthodox Church". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese Blog. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Retrieved 24 May 2024.

Further reading

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