Josip Metzger (17 August 1883 – 21 June 1945) was a member of the fascist Ustaše movement who rose to the rank of major general in the Independent State of Croatia during World War II. He was tried, sentenced and executed for war crimes after the war.
Josip Metzger | |
|---|---|
| Born | 17 August 1883 Franzfeld, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 21 June 1945 (aged 61) Zagreb, FS Croatia, DF Yugoslavia |
| Allegiance |  Austria-Hungary Independent State of Croatia |
| Service | Austro-Hungarian Army (until 1918) Domobranstvo (1941–1944) Croatian Armed Forces (1944–1945) |
| Rank | Major-General |
| Awards | Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir |
Early life
editA Danube Swabian who was born in Franzfeld in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Kačarevo in Serbia),[1] Metzger graduated from the Austro-Hungarian Military Academy in Trieste.[1][better source needed]
World War I
editDuring World War I, Metzger served as an Officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army, reaching the rank of infantry Captain.[2]
Interwar separatism
editAfter the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian empire, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs declared independence on 1 October 1918, however on 1 December 1918, Regent Alexander announced the union of the Kingdom of Serbia with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.[3]
On 5 December 1918, Metzger led a minor revolt of Croat soldiers in Zagreb, contemporaneously with other regional uprisings,[2] and continued to lead action into 1919 as commander of the Hungarian-based Croat Legion, the small paramilitary wing of the Croat Committee.[4]
Metzger was arrested several times, including for his participation in the so-called Diamantstein affair (Croatian: Afera Diamantstein) of 1919. Acquitted on 7 April 1920,[1] he fled to the Hungarian border village of Vízvár, and distributed political leaflets in the neighbouring Yugoslav Medjimurje region.[5]
Metzger worked for the Hungarian Defense Ministry.[6] During 1930, Metzger, then a Hungarian intelligence officer, engaged with other members of the Party of Rights in organisation of proto-Ustaše activity among Croats in towns along the border of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.[7]
Metzger's German descent was a rarity among the small number of pre-World War II Ustaše members, given the Ustaše's racialist principals.[8] He was allegedly one of the organisers of the 1934 assassination in Marseilles of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia.[9]
World War II
editOn 10 April 1941, after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, the puppet government of Independent State of Croatia was created, headed by Ustaše leader Ante Pavelić.[8]
In response to the June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina by Serb rebels, General Vladimir Laxa intended for Metzger (by-then promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel) to command a newly formed special unit to clear the Montenegrin hinterland of any remaining rebels once its border areas had been cleared.[10]
In the summer of 1944, the People's Uprising Corps (Croatian: Pučko Ustaški Sbor, lit. 'Ustaše Reserve Corps') was formed with four regiments of older reservists under Metzger, by then a Major-General.[11] The Corps, named after the original corps which fought alongside the Royal Croatian Home Guard (Croatian: Hrvatsko Domobranstvo) against Serbia in 1914,[citation needed] was disbanded in March 1945.[11] Metzger then led the 4th Division in the Battle of Lijevče Field between March 30 and April 8, 1945.[citation needed]
For his service to the Independent State of Croatia during World War II, Metzger was awarded the Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir 1st Class Cross with Star, which granted him Knighthood and allowed him the title vitez.[citation needed]
Death
editMetzger surrendered on 15 May 1945[12] to the British and was repatriated to Yugoslavia. Having been convicted as one of the chief organisers of the Janka-Puszta training camp in Hungary, he was executed in Zagreb on 21 June 1945.[1][13]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Bulajić, Milan (2002). Jasenovac: the Jewish Serbian holocaust (the role of the Vatican) in Nazi-Ustasha Croatia (1941-1945). Fund for Genocide Research. ISBN 9788641902211. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^ a b Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism. 1990.
- ^ Berend, Ivan T. (12 June 1998). Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520927018. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^ Newman, John Paul (2015). Yugoslavia in the Shadow of War: Veterans and the Limits of State Building 1903-1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 9781107070769. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
- ^ Banac, Ivo (11 August 2015). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501701931. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
- ^ Kenyon, Kevin (1993). Italy, Hungary, and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia, 1920-1937. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^ Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253346568. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^ a b Bartulin, Nevenko (4 July 2013). Honorary Aryans: National-Racial Identity and Protected Jews in the Independent State of Croatia. Springer. ISBN 9781137339126. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^ Yugoslavia (1934). Request by the Yugoslav Government Under Article 11, Paragraph 2, of the Covenant. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^ Marijan, Davor (October 2003). "Lipanjski ustanak u istočnoj Hercegovini 1941. godine" [The June uprising in eastern Herzegovina 1941] (PDF). Časopis Za Suvremenu Povijest (in Croatian). 35 (2). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History: 565–566. ISSN 1848-9079. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ a b Thomas, Nigel; Mikulan, Krunoslav (13 March 1995). Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941-45. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 9781855324732. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^ Omrcanin, Ivo; Omrčanin, Ivo (1983). Dramatis Personae and Finis of the Independent State of Croatia in American and British Documents. Dorrance. ISBN 9780805928860. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^ "Yugoslav Traitors Get Death Penalty". The Milwaukee Journal. 26 June 1945. p. 6. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.