Juan de Escalante (c. 1479 – 10 November 1519) was a Spanish military man. He joined as a captain on Hernán Cortés' expedition and in 1519 he was commander of the garrison of Veracruz.[1][2][3]
Juan de Escalante | |
|---|---|
 Arms of the Escalante family | |
| Born | Circa 1479 Spain |
| Died | 10 November 1519 Veracruz, Mexico |
| Allegiance | Hernán Cortés |
| Rank | Ship's captain, Alguazil mayor of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz |
| Battles / wars | Battle of Nautla, Veracruz |
Biography
editIn 1518, he travelled to the Gulf of Mexico under the command of Juan de Grijalva before joining the Cortés expedition.[1] At the beginning of 1519, he was in his forties[4] and commanded a ship which, on the orders of Cortés, reached Havana via the north of the island of Cuba, while the other ten sailed south and Pedro de Alvarado went by land.[5]
On the island of Cozumel, the men explored the new land. As they continued on their way, Juan de Escalante saw that his ship was leaking into the open sea and in danger of sinking; he turned back. Cortés then ordered the entire fleet to return to Cozumel.[6] While Escalante's ship was being repaired, Gerónimo de Aguilar joined his fellow Spaniards. He had been held as a slave by the Maya and later served Cortés well as an interpreter.
As some of the men did not want to participate in an inland campaign, Cortés instructed Juan de Escalante and some other men to destroy the ships and bring the sails, ropes and compasses ashore. In doing so, he deprived his men of the opportunity to return to Cuba.[7][8]
After forming an alliance with the Totonacs at Cempoala, Cortés founded Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz in August 1519. Cortés made Juan de Escalante his first commander. As he was also appointed alguazil mayor of the city, he was the first European to hold this position in the Americas.[9]
Cortés then moved deeper into the country from Vera Cruz and left Juan de Escalante there with a small Spanish garrison to enforce the peace and strengthen the alliance with the coastal tribes.[10][11] But the Aztecs of the coast led by a nobleman, Cuahpopoca, demanded tribute from these peoples: their leaders complained to Escalante about the Aztecs' demands and asked him for help.[12] Escalante took 2 cannons, 3 cross-bow men, 2 musketeers and 40 men and over 2000 Totonacs and faced the thousands of Aztecs on the battlefield of Nautla.[13] At his side were two thousand Totonacs who abandoned him at the first opportunity. During this engagement, Escalante was wounded, forced to retreat to Veracruz and died soon after.[13][14][15]
References
edit- ^ a b Esteban Mira Caballos. "Juan de Escalante". dbe.rah.es (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ "Cantabria Joven - Escalante - Historia" (in Spanish). 2008-05-19. Archived from the original on 2008-05-19. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
- ^ Cronica. "La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, el primer asentamiento español fijo en México". cronica.com.mx/ (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-03-14.
- ^ Grunberg, Bernard (1994). "The Origins of the Conquistadores of Mexico City". Hispanic American Historical Review. 74 (2): 259–283. doi:10.1215/00182168-74.2.259.
- ^ Diaz del Castillo, chpt. XXIII.
- ^ Dilwoty, W.H. (1759). The History of the Conquest of Mexico. London: William Anderrson. p. 6. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ Diaz del Castillo, chpt. LVIII.
- ^ "Cortés deja como capitán de la Villa Rica a Juan de Escalante. Cortés da con los barcos al través". www.noticonquista.unam.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-03-14.
- ^ Medellín Zenil, Alfonso (1966). "Exploración en la Villa Rica de la Veracruz" (pdf). Cdigital.uv.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ Diaz del Castillo, chpt. LVIII—LIX.
- ^ de 2020, 5 de Noviembre. "Los vestigios de la batalla de Nautla, una lucha clave en la conquista de Tenochtitlán" (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-03-14.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Capitulo 41". pueblosoriginarios.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-03-14.
- ^ a b Diaz del Castillo, chpt. XCIV.
- ^ Project, Catholic Textbook (2020-06-26). "Cortés Driven from Mexico: June 30-July 1, 1520". Catholic Textbook. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
- ^ Chiapas, Desarrollo Tecnológico-Universidad Autónoma de. "UNACH Virtual". www.uv.unach.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-03-14.
Bibliography
edit- Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. "The Memoirs of the Conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Vol 1 (of 2)". gutenberg.org. The Project Gutenberg EBook. Retrieved 14 March 2021.