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The following events occurred in July 1925:
July 1925
Loyola College, Chennai was founded
- The Kuomintang proclaimed a national government from its base in Guangzhou.[1]
- The Netherlands held a general election, in which the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses maintained its plurality.
- The first International Congress of Radiology opened in London.[2]
- Born: Farley Granger, American actor; in San Jose, California (d. 2011)
- Died: Erik Satie, 59, French composer
- Harry Greb retained the World Middleweight Title, defeating Mickey Walker by decision at the Polo Grounds in New York.
- Born: Medgar Evers, civil rights activist; in Decatur, Mississippi (d. 1963)
- Died: Nikolai Golitsyn, 75, last Prime Minister of the Russian Empire, was executed.
- The German government sent a strong protest note to the Soviet Union over the sentencing of three German students to death for "high treason and spying". Numerous German newspapers called for a break in diplomatic relations between the two countries as many were convinced that the charges were trumped up in order to arrange for an exchange of prisoners.[3]
- Suzanne Lenglen of France defeated Joan Fry of the United Kingdom in the Women's Singles Final at Wimbledon.[4]
- The collapse of the Pickwick Club in Boston killed 44 people, most of them party-goers at an event that had started the night before to celebrate the Fourth of July.[5]
- Police in Rome reported that the treasury of St. Peter's Basilica was robbed of 5–7 million lira worth of valuables, including gold crosses and other religious objects.[6]
- René Lacoste defeated fellow French tennis player Jean Borotra in the Men's Singles Final at Wimbledon.[5]
- Amusement park Belmont Park opened in San Diego, California.
- The Charley Chase short comedy film Isn't Life Terrible? was released.
- Born: Fernando de Szyszlo, Peruvian artist; in Lima (d. 2017)
- Numerous arrests were made and stolen items were recovered in the St. Peter's Basilica robbery case. Six workmen who were doing repairs in the vicinity of the treasury room were among those arrested.[7]
- Born:
- Merv Griffin, American television personality and media mogul; in San Mateo, California (d. 2007)
- Bill Haley, American rock and roll musician known for his group Bill Haley and the Comets; in Highland Park, Michigan (d. 1981)
- William Jennings Bryan arrived by train in Dayton, Tennessee to a hero's welcome as national anticipation of the Scopes Trial accelerated. Bryan gave a fiery speech saying the trial would be a "duel to the death".[8]
- Died: Clarence Hudson White, 54, American photographer
- The Riffians launched a new offensive against the city of Fes in the Rif War.[9]
- Defense lawyer Clarence Darrow arrived in Dayton, Tennessee to much less fanfare than that afforded Bryan the previous day.[10]
- The French Chamber of Deputies approved an additional 183 million francs to fight the Rif War.[11]
- The Scopes Monkey Trial began in Dayton, Tennessee with jury selection.[12]
- Born: Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia 1981 to 2003, and 2018 to 2020; in Alor Setar (alive in 2024)
- France and Spain agreed to coordinate their efforts in the Rif War.[13]
- Born:
- David Graham, English voice actor; in London (d. 2024)
- Sid Smith, Canadian NHL ice hockey player, winner of the Lady Byng Trophy in 1952 and 1955; in Toronto (d. 2004)
- The Greek-language Turkish newspaper Apoyevmatini was founded.
- Born:
- Roger Smith, U.S. executive, Chairman and CEO of General Motors 1981 to 1990, title subject of the 1989 Michael Moore documentary Roger & Me; in Columbus, Ohio (d. 2007)
- Rosie Harris, Welsh author of romantic novels; in Cardiff (alive in 2024)
- The film The Lucky Devil starring Richard Dix was released.
- Walt Disney married Lillian Bounds in Idaho.
- The Occupation of the Ruhr began to wind down as the first French and Belgian troops evacuated.[2]
- Born: Hugh Gillin, actor, in Galesburg, Illinois (d. 2004)
- Died: Francisco Guilledo, 23, Filipino boxer known by his ring name "Pancho Villa" and world flyweight boxing champion 1922 to 1925, died of a tooth infection 10 days after losing the title to Jimmy McLarnin.
- A petition carrying 460,000 signatures was presented in the Reichstag calling for Prohibition to be enacted in Germany.[14]
- Born: Badal Sarkar, Indian dramatist and theatre director; in Calcutta, British India (d. 2011)
- The Canadian province of Saskatchewan repealed the Prohibition Act of 1916. The government continued to control wholesale outlets for the selling and distribution of alcohol.[15][16]
- A joint manifesto signed by 40 prominent Indians was publicized, calling for the British government to give home rule to India.[17]
- Norway passed the Svalbard Act.
- Died: Lovis Corinth, 66, German painter, died of pneumonia
- Adolf Hitler published Volume 1 of his autobiographical manifesto Mein Kampf.
- Flooding in Seoul, Korea killed hundreds as dikes broke on the third straight day of heavy rain.[18]
- Born: Friedrich Zimmermann, West German politician who served as Minister of the Interior 1982 to 1989, then as the transport minister for Germany, 1989 to 1991; in Munich (d. 2012)
- Italian cyclist Ottavio Bottecchia won the Tour de France for the second straight year.
- Italy and Yugoslavia signed the Treaty of Nettuno, permitting Italians to freely immigrate to Dalmatia. Its ratification was held up in the Yugoslav parliament for three years as the Croatian Peasant Party staunchly opposed it.[19]
- Near Montecatini Terme in Italy, a gang of Fascists attacked opposition figure Giovanni Amendola, ambushing his car in the dead of night and beating him savagely.[20] Details of the attack were censored in government-controlled media to avoid another outcry along the lines of the Matteotti scandal.[21] Amandola died of his wounds nine months later.[20]
- A solar eclipse occurred.
- Born:
- Jacques Delors, French economist; in Paris (d. 2023)
- Frantz Fanon, Martinican psychiatrist and philosopher; in Fort-de-France, Martinique, France (d. 1961)
- The Scopes Trial ended with John Scopes being found guilty of violating the Butler Act and fined $100, which both William Jennings Bryan and the American Civil Liberties Union offered to pay for him. After the verdict was read Scopes made his only statement during the trial, vowing to "oppose this law in any way I can. Any other action would be in violation of my ideal of academic freedom — that is, to teach the truth as guaranteed in our constitution, of personal and religious freedom."[12]
- The Battle of al-Kafr was fought in the Great Syrian Revolt.
- The Council of People's Commissars passes a resolution mandating use of the metric system throughout the Soviet Union.
- The Ethel Smyth comic opera Entente Cordiale was first performed at the Royal College of Music in London. The performance was broadcast on the BBC.[22]
- The Miners' Federation of Great Britain called for a miners' strike starting on July 31.[23]
- Born:
- Tajuddin Ahmad, first Prime Minister of Bangladesh, from 1971 to 1972; in Dardaria, Bengal Presidency, British India (assassinated 1975)
- Gloria DeHaven, American stage, film and TV actress; in Los Angeles (d. 2016)
- Britain enacted the first Palestinian Citizenship Order, 1925, officially outlining the legal definition of a Palestinian for the first time.[24]
- The Temporary Slavery Commission of the League of Nations filed their report on their global investigation of slavery and slave trade, preparing the ground for the introduction of the 1926 Slavery Convention.[25]
- The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union was established.
- The French team of Robert Benoist and Albert Divo won the 1925 French Grand Prix, though the race was marred by the death of Antonio Ascari.
- Petrovsky Stadium opened in Leningrad.
- Born:
- Joseph Engelberger, U.S. physicist, engineer and entrepreneur; in Brooklyn, New York City (d. 2015)
- Ana María Matute, Spanish writer (d. 2014)
- Died:
- William Jennings Bryan, 65, American politician who was the Democratic Party nominee in the 1896, 1900 and 1908 U.S. presidential elections
- Antonio Ascari, 36, Italian race car driver killed in the French Grand Prix)
- Gottlob Frege, 76, German mathematician and philosopher
- Chicago Tribune correspondent George Seldes was ordered to leave Italy for refusing to alter the tone of his dispatches which displeased the Mussolini government.[26]
- Ex-Kaiser of Germany Wilhelm II made it known in a statement to the United Press through his spokesperson Hubert von Rebeur-Paschwitz that he believed the Treaty of Versailles should be scrapped, explaining, "The criminal and impossible treaty of Versailles has disarmed Germany and left Europe and the world bereft of the greatest factor of peace. You will agree that the greatest danger to Europe and the United States of America lies in the fact that the thus disarmed central Europe is surrounded by a number of nations all armed to the teeth and continually increasing their armaments."[27]
- Born:
- Baruch S. Blumberg, American scientist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; in Brooklyn, New York City (d. 2011)
- Juan Alberto Schiaffino, Uruguayan footballer who played for the Uruguay national football team and helped it win the 1950 World Cup, then played for the Italy national team in 1954 and 1958; in Montevideo (d. 2002)
- Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano printed a long list of Fascist offenses against Catholics.[28]
- A new law was announced in a semi-official Italian publication stating that any newspaper publishing attacks on the government that were "too strong and too frequent" would receive two warnings, after which the paper would no longer be recognized,[28]
- Born:
- Ted Lindsay, Canadian NHL hockey player and Hockey Hall of Fame inductee; in Renfrew, Ontario (d. 2019)
- Shivram Dattatreya Phadnis, Indian cartoonist and illustrator, in Bhoj, Bombay Presidency, British India (alive in 2024)
- Mikis Theodorakis, Greek songwriter; in Chios (d. 2021)
- Negotiations between the British government and representatives of the country's nearly one million coal miners entered their final hours before a nationwide miner's strike over wages was set to begin at midnight. Leaders of the railway and transport workers issued notices to their workers telling them not to handle coal when the strike began as a gesture of solidarity with the miners.[29]
- "All the workers in this country have got to take reductions in wages to help put industry on its feet", British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin stated.[30]
- Born: Alexander Trocchi, Scottish novelist; in Glasgow (d. 1984)
- Died: William Wynn Westcott, 76, British Freemason, Supreme Magus of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia since 1891
- Red Friday: The British government of Stanley Baldwin averted a miners' strike by agreeing to provide a subsidy to maintain the miners' wages until a commission could study the situation.[31]
- With the Giacomo Matteotti murder trial still pending, the Italian government issued a decree granting amnesty for those arraigned on charges of "premeditated political murder" in the event that it could not be proven whether the murder was premeditated or had happened under "unforeseen circumstances".[32]
- Born: Carmel Quinn, Irish singer and performer; in Dublin, Irish Free State (d. 2021)
References
edit- ^ Bowman, John Stewart (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Chichester: Columbia University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-231-11004-9.
- ^ a b Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^ "Berlin Papers Demand Break with Russians". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 4, 1925. p. 3.
- ^ "3 July 1925, Friday". Takemeback.to. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
- ^ a b "Saturday, 4 July 1925". Takemeback.to. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
- ^ Seldes, George (July 5, 1925). "St. Peters is Robbed of Priceless Treasures". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "St. Peters Gem Robbers Taken; Loot Recovered". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 7, 1925. p. 1.
- ^ Kinsley, Philip (July 8, 1925). "Scopes Case a 'Duel to Death': W.J.B.". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "French Flyers Rain Bombs in Moors; Fell 800". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 9, 1925. p. 1.
- ^ Crompton, Samuel Willard (2010). The Scopes Monkey Trial. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-60413-679-1.
- ^ "Deputies Vote $9,150,000 to Push Moor War". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 10, 1925. p. 4.
- ^ a b Adams, Noah (July 5, 2005). "Timeline: Remembering the Scopes Monkey Trial". National Public Radio. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
- ^ "Spain Agrees to Aid France in Riff Drive". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 12, 1925. p. 7.
- ^ "460,000 German Drys Sign Plea for Prohibition". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 16, 1925. p. 10.
- ^ "July 16". Today in Canadian History. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
- ^ "Prohibition and Temperance". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
- ^ "Indian Leaders Demand British Pass Home Rule". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 18, 1925. p. 7.
- ^ "Flood Engulfs Corean Capital; Hundreds Dead". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 19, 1925. p. 2.
- ^ Rothschild, Joseph (1974). East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars. University of Washington Press. pp. 227–229. ISBN 978-0-295-95357-1.
- ^ a b Pugliese, Stanislao G. (2004). Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 108. ISBN 0-7425-3122-8.
- ^ "Fascists Take Iron Measures Against Revolt". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 24, 1925. p. 9.
- ^ Doctor, Jennifer (1999). The BBC and Ultra-Modern Music, 1922–1936. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 0-521-66117-X.
- ^ "Order British Mine Strike for July 31". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 24, 1925. p. 1.
- ^ Qafisheh, Mutaz M. (2008). The International Law Foundations of Palestinian Nationality. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 978-90-04-16984-5.
- ^ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. 100-121
- ^ "Fascisti Oust Seldes For His Tribune Cables". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 28, 1925. p. 1.
- ^ "Versailles Pact Must be Junked, Ex-Kaiser Holds". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 29, 1925. p. 17.
- ^ a b "Vatican Prints Abuses of Catholics". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 30, 1925. p. 5.
- ^ Beer, Max (2001). A History of British Socialism, Volume 2. Routledge. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-415-26569-0.
- ^ Paxton, Robert O.; Hessler, Julie (2012). Europe in the Twentieth Century (Fifth Ed.). Boston: Wadsworth. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-495-91319-1.
- ^ Sauvain, Philip (1996). Key Themes of the Twentieth Century. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes. p. 45. ISBN 0-7487-2549-0.
- ^ Sachar, Howard M. (2015). The Assassination of Europe, 1918–1942: A Political History. North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-4426-0920-4.