Nelson, New Zealand

Nelson (Māori: Whakatū) is a consolidated city and unitary authority on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay at the top of the South Island of New Zealand. It is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in the country; it was established in 1841 and became a city by British royal charter in 1858. It is the only consolidated city-region in the nation.

Nelson Whakatū (Māori)
City and unitary region
View of Nelson from the "Centre of New Zealand" in November 2006
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname(s):  Top of the South, Sunny Nelson
Motto(s):  Latin: Palmam qui meruit ferat (Let him, who has earned it, bear the palm)
Nelson region within New Zealand
Coordinates: 41°16′15″S 173°17′2″E
Country	New Zealand
Island	South Island
Unitary authority	Nelson City
Settled by Europeans	1841
Founded by	Arthur Wakefield
Named for	Horatio Nelson
Electorates	Nelson Te Tai Tonga
Suburbs	List Nelson Central Annesbrook Atawhai Beachville Bishopdale Britannia Heights Enner Glynn Maitai Marybank Moana Monaco Stepneyville Stoke Tāhunanui The Brook The Wood Toi Toi Wakatu Washington Valley
Government
• Body	Nelson City Council
• Mayor	Nick Smith
• Deputy mayor	Rohan O'Neill-Stevens
• MPs	Rachel Boyack (Labour) Tākuta Ferris (Te Pāti Māori)
Area
• Territorial	422.19 km2 (163.01 sq mi)
• Urban	54.69 km2 (21.12 sq mi)
Population  (June 2024)
• Territorial	55,200
• Density	130/km2 (340/sq mi)
• Urban	51,300
• Urban density	940/km2 (2,400/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+12 (NZST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+13 (NZDT)
Postcode	7010, 7011, 7020
Area code	03
HDI (2021)	0.927 very high · 7th

Southern suburbs of Nelson (right) and the nearby town of Richmond (left) seen from the air

Nelson City is bordered to the west and south-west by the Tasman District and to the north-east, east and south-east by the Marlborough District. The Nelson urban area has a population of 51,300, making it New Zealand's 15th most populous urban area.

Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene; each year, the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike, such as the Nelson Arts Festival.

Etymology

Nelson was named in honour of Admiral Horatio Nelson, who defeated both the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Many roads and public areas around the city are named after people and ships associated with that battle. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Nelsonians; Trafalgar Street is its main shopping axis.

Nelson's Māori name, Whakatū, means 'construct', 'raise', or 'establish'.

In an article to The Colonist newspaper on 16 July 1867, Francis Stevens described Nelson as "The Naples of the Southern Hemisphere". Today, Nelson has the nicknames of "Sunny Nelson" due to its high sunshine hours per year or the "Top of the South" because of its geographic location.

In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by putting the index and middle fingers together which are raised to the nose until the fingertips touch the nose, then move the hand forward so that the fingers point slightly forward away from oneself.

History

See also: History of the Nelson Region, New Zealand

Diocese of Nelson Christ Church Cathedral on Church Hill, central Nelson

Early settlement

Settlement of Nelson began about 700 years ago by Māori. There is evidence that the earliest settlements in New Zealand were around the Nelson-Marlborough regions. Some of the earliest recorded iwi in the Nelson district are Ngāti Hāwea, Ngāti Wairangi, Waitaha and Kāti Māmoe. Waitaha people developed the land around the Waimea Gardens, are believed to have been the first people to quarry argillite in around Nelson. They also developed much of the Waimea Gardens complex – more than 400 hectares on the Waimea Plains near Nelson. In the early 1600s, Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri displaced other te Tau Ihu Māori, becoming the dominant tribe in the area until the early 1800s. Raids from northern tribes in the 1820s, led by Te Rauparaha and his Ngāti Toa, soon decimated the local population and quickly displaced them.

Today there are eight mutually recognised tribes of the northernwestern region: Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō, Rangitāne, Ngāti Toarangatira, Ngāti Koata, Ngāti Rārua, Ngāti Tama and Te Atiawa o Te Waka-a-Māui.

Historic places

There are three main historic places located in Nelson. They are Broadgreen Historic House, Isel House, and Founders Heritage Park. The Broadgreen Historic House was originally built in 1855 for Mr and Mrs Edmund Buxton, additionally with their six daughters. The house was later sold to a Fred Langbein in 1901, who lived there with his family until 1965. In 1965, the house was bought by the Nelson City Council and is now used operated a museum for the general public.

Isel House is a local historical building located in Nelson. It was home to one of Nelson's first families, the Marsdens. Many of the rooms have been transformed into displays for the public to view. The restoration of Isel House is managed by Isel House Charitable trust under the supervision of Sally Papps, but the house and the park ground surrounding it are owned by the Nelson City Council.

Founders Heritage Park is a local historical visit in Nelson. This interactive park shows visitors the history of Nelson. The park is set up as a village filled with buildings set in a historical time, including well established gardens. Throughout the park, there are stories to be learned about the history of this town.

New Zealand Company

Planning

The New Zealand Company in London planned the settlement of Nelson. They intended to buy from the Māori some 200,000 acres (810 km²) of land, which they planned to divide into one thousand lots and sell to intending settlers. The company earmarked profits to finance the free passage of artisans and labourers, with their families, and for the construction of public works. However, by September 1841 only about one third of the lots had sold. Despite this, the colony pushed ahead, and land was surveyed by Frederick Tuckett.

1845 Nelson from Church Hill looking east

Three ships, the Arrow, Whitby, and Will Watch, sailed from London commanded by Captain Arthur Wakefield. Arriving in New Zealand, they discovered that the new Governor of the colony, William Hobson, would not give them a free hand to secure vast areas of land from the Māori or indeed to decide where to site the colony. However, after some delay, Hobson allowed the company to investigate the Tasman Bay area at the north end of the South Island. The Company selected the site now occupied by Nelson City because it had the best harbour in the area. But it had a major drawback: it lacked suitable arable land; Nelson City stands right on the edge of a mountain range while the nearby Waimea Plains amount to only about 60,000 acres (240 km²), less than one third of the area required by the Company plans.

The Company secured land from the Māori, that was not clearly defined, for £800: it included Nelson, Waimea, Motueka, Riwaka and Whakapuaka. This allowed the settlement to begin, but the lack of definition would prove the source of much future conflict. The three colony ships sailed into Nelson Haven during the first week of November 1841. When the four first immigrant ships – Fifeshire, Mary-Ann, Lord Auckland and Lloyds – arrived three months later, they found the town already laid out with streets, some wooden houses, tents and rough sheds. The town was laid out on a grid plan. Within 18 months, the company had sent out 18 ships with 1052 men, 872 women and 1384 children. However, fewer than ninety of the settlers had the capital to start as landowners.

Cultural and religious immigrants

St Paul's Lutheran Church, Upper Moutere

The early settlement of Nelson province included a proportion of German immigrants, who arrived on the ship Sankt Pauli and formed the nucleus of the villages of Sarau (Upper Moutere) and Neudorf. These were mostly Lutheran Protestants with a small number of Bavarian Catholics.

In 1892, the New Zealand Church Mission Society (NZCMS) was formed in a Nelson church hall.

Problems with land

After a brief initial period of prosperity, the lack of land and of capital caught up with the settlement and it entered a prolonged period of relative depression. The labourers had to accept a cut in their wages. Organised immigration ceased (a state of affairs that continued until the 1850s). By the end of 1843, artisans and labourers began leaving Nelson; by 1846, some 25% of the immigrants had moved away.

The pressure to find more arable land became intense. To the south-east of Nelson lay the wide and fertile plains of the Wairau Valley. The New Zealand Company tried to claim that they had purchased the land. The Māori owners stated adamantly that the Wairau Valley had not formed part of the original land sale, and made it clear they would resist any attempts by the settlers to occupy the area. The Nelson settlers led by Arthur Wakefield and Henry Thompson attempted to do just that. This resulted in the Wairau Affray, where 22 settlers and 4 Māori died. The subsequent Government inquiry exonerated the Māori and found that the Nelson settlers had no legitimate claim to any land outside Tasman Bay. Public fears of a Māori attack on Nelson led to the formation of the Nelson Battalion of Militia in 1845.

City

Church Steps (sometimes called the Cawthron Steps) from Trafalgar Street up to the 60's bell tower of Nelson's Christ Church Cathedral

Nelson township was managed by the Nelson Provincial Council through a Board of Works constituted by the Provincial Government under the Nelson Improvement Act 1856 until 1874. It was proclaimed a Bishop's See and city under letters patent by Queen Victoria on 27 September 1858, the second New Zealand city proclaimed in this manner after Christchurch. Nelson only had some 5,000 residents at this time. Edmund Hobhouse was the first Bishop. The Municipal Corporations Act 1876 stated that Nelson was constituted a city on 30 March 1874.

Coat of arms

Nelson City has a coat of arms, obtained in 1958 from the College of Arms to mark the Centenary of Nelson as a City. The blazon of the arms is:

"Barry wavy Argent and Azure a Cross Flory Sable on a Chief also Azure a Mitre proper And for the Crest on a Wreath of the Colours Issuant from a Mural Crown proper a Lion rampant Gules holding between the fore paws a Sun in splendour or. The supporters on the dexter side a Huia Bird and on the sinister side a Kotuku both proper."

Motto "Palmam qui meruit ferat" (Let him, who has earned it, bear the palm). This motto is the same as that of Lord Nelson.

Nelson Province

The Nelson Province as constituted in 1853

From 1853 until 1876, when provincial governments were abolished, Nelson was the capital of Nelson Province. The province itself was much larger than present-day Nelson City and included all of the present-day Buller, Kaikōura, Marlborough, Nelson, and Tasman, as well as the Grey District north of the Grey River and the Hurunui District north of the Hurunui River. The Marlborough Province split from Nelson Province in October 1859.

Nelson provincial anniversary

Nelson Anniversary Day is a public holiday observed in the northern half of the South Island of New Zealand, being the area's provincial anniversary day. It is observed throughout the historic Nelson Province, even though the provinces of New Zealand were abolished in 1876. The modern area of observation includes all of Nelson City and includes all of the present-day Buller, Kaikōura, Marlborough, Tasman districts as well as the Grey District north of the Grey River / Māwheranui and the Hurunui District north of the Hurunui River. The holiday usually falls on the Monday closest to 1 February, the anniversary of the arrival of the first New Zealand Company boat, the Fifeshire on 1 February 1842.

Anniversary celebrations in the early years featured a sailing regatta, horse racing, running races, shooting and ploughing matches. In 1892, the Nelson Jubilee Celebration featured an official week-long programme with church services, sports, concerts, a ball and a grand display of fireworks.

Time gun

In 1858, the Nelson Provincial Council erected a time gun at the spot on Brittania Heights where, in 1841, Captain Wakefield erected his flagpole. The gun was fired each Saturday at noon to give the correct time. The gun is now preserved as a historical relic and the Songer Tree marks the site on Signal Hill of the original flagpole.

Geography

The Nelson-Tasman area comprises two unitary authorities – Nelson City, administered by the Nelson City Council, and Tasman District, administered by the Tasman District Council, based in Richmond 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the southwest. It is between Marlborough, another unitary authority, to the east, and the West Coast Regional Council to the west.

For some while, there has been talk about amalgamating Nelson City and the Tasman District to streamline and render more financially economical the existing co-operation between the two councils, exemplified by the jointly owned Port Nelson and the creation of Nelson Tasman Tourism, a jointly owned tourism promotion organisation.

However, an official poll conducted in April 2012 showed nearly three-quarters of those who voted in Richmond were opposed to the proposal, with a narrow majority in favour.

Nelson has beaches and a sheltered harbour. The harbour entrance is protected by a Boulder Bank, a natural, 13 km (8 miles) bank of rocks transported south from Mackay Bluff via longshore drift. The bank creates a perfect natural harbour which enticed the first settlers, although the entrance was narrow. The wreck of the Fifeshire on Arrow Rock (now called Fifeshire Rock in memory of this disaster) in 1842 proved the difficulty of the passage. A cut was later made in the bank in 1906 which allowed larger vessels access to the port.

The creation of Rocks Road around the waterfront area after the Tāhunanui slump in 1892 increased the effects of the tide on Nelson city's beach, Tāhunanui, and removed sediment. This meant the popular beach and adjoining car park were being eroded (plus the sand dunes) so a project to replace these sands was put in place and has so far proved a success, with the sand rising a considerable amount and the dunes continuing to grow.

Waterways

The Nelson territorial authority area is small (just 445 km²) and has four main waterways, the Whangamoa, Wakapuaka, Maitai and Roding Rivers. The Roding River, the southernmost in Nelson, arises in the hills between Mount Meares and Dun Mountain. From there it flows westward before entering the Tasman District where it eventually joins the Waimea River, which flows into Waimea Inlet near Rabbit Island. The Maitai River flows westward from the Dun Mountain area into the town centre of Nelson before entering the Nelson Haven then Tasman Bay via 'The Cut'. Major tributaries of the Maitai River are: York and Brook Streams plus Sharland, Packer, Groom, Glen, Neds, Sclanders, Beauchamp and Mill Creeks. The Wakapuaka River, which flows north from the Saddle Hill area to its mouth at Cable Bay in North Nelson, has two main tributaries, the Lud and Teal Rivers. Entering Tasman Bay near Kokorua in the north of Nelson, the Whangamoa River is the longest waterway in Nelson.

Smaller waterways in the south of Nelson include: Saxton Creek, Orchard Stream, Poorman Valley Stream, Arapiki Stream, Jenkins Creek and Maire Stream.

Central city

Nelson i-SITE at Millers Acre Centre

The central city of Nelson, also referred to as the central business district (CBD), is bounded by Halifax Street to the north, Rutherford Street to the west, Collingwood Street to the east, and Selwyn Place to the south. Other major streets within the CBD include Trafalgar Street, Bridge Street and Hardy Street.

Suburbs

Suburbs within Nelson City's territorial area borders are grouped into four city districts:

Nelson North:

• Glenduan
• Wakapuaka
• Todds Valley
• Marybank
• Atawhai
• Dodson Valley
• Brooklands

City Centre:

• Nelson Central
• Port Nelson
• Beachville
• The Wood
• Hanby Park
• Maitai
• Nelson East
• Nelson South
• Toi Toi (Victory Village)
• Bishopdale
• The Brook
• Washington Valley
• Stepneyville
• Britannia Heights

Tāhunanui-Port Hills:

• Tāhunanui
• Enner Glynn
• Moana
• Tasman Heights
• Annesbrook
• Wakatu

Stoke:

• Stoke
• Greenmeadows Park
• Nayland
• Monaco
• Maitlands
• Saxton

The Nelson commuter belt extends to Richmond, Brightwater, Hope, Māpua and Wakefield in the Tasman District.

National parks

Nelson is surrounded by mountains on three sides and Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere on the fourth, with its region acting as the gateway to the Abel Tasman, Kahurangi, and Nelson Lakes National Parks.

It is a centre for both ecotourism and adventure tourism and has a high reputation among caving enthusiasts due to several prominent cave systems around Takaka Hill and the Wharepapa / Arthur Range, including the Nettlebed Cave and some of the largest and deepest explored caverns in the Southern Hemisphere.

Nelson is known for its great lakes, hikes and walks surrounding the town, the most popular being the Abel Tasman Coast Track, Abel Tasman National Park, and Heaphy Track. These tracks are also known for recreational activities. There are many huts and camping grounds in all three tracks for availability to stay in. There are places to fish, hunt and observe nature within the National Parks and Lakes.

Climate

Nelson has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb), with cool winters and warm summers. Nelson has rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year and has fewer frosts due to the highly marine geography of New Zealand. Winter is the stormiest time, where gales and storms are more common. Nelson has one of the sunniest climates of all major New Zealand centres, earning the nickname 'Sunny Nelson' with an annual average total of over 2400 hours of sunshine. The highest recorded temperature in Nelson is 36.3 °C (97 °F), the lowest −6.6 °C (20 °F).

Climate data for Nelson (1991–2020 normals, 1862–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	33.3 (91.9)	36.3 (97.3)	29.4 (84.9)	26.9 (80.4)	22.9 (73.2)	20.0 (68.0)	19.5 (67.1)	21.1 (70.0)	24.3 (75.7)	26.9 (80.4)	28.9 (84.0)	31.1 (88.0)	36.3 (97.3)
Mean maximum °C (°F)	27.6 (81.7)	27.6 (81.7)	25.4 (77.7)	22.3 (72.1)	20.0 (68.0)	17.1 (62.8)	15.9 (60.6)	17.4 (63.3)	19.6 (67.3)	21.9 (71.4)	24.3 (75.7)	25.7 (78.3)	28.7 (83.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	22.5 (72.5)	22.7 (72.9)	21.2 (70.2)	18.4 (65.1)	16.0 (60.8)	13.4 (56.1)	12.7 (54.9)	13.6 (56.5)	15.2 (59.4)	17.2 (63.0)	19.0 (66.2)	20.9 (69.6)	17.7 (63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	18.1 (64.6)	18.2 (64.8)	16.4 (61.5)	13.7 (56.7)	11.2 (52.2)	8.5 (47.3)	7.6 (45.7)	8.8 (47.8)	10.7 (51.3)	12.7 (54.9)	14.5 (58.1)	16.7 (62.1)	13.1 (55.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	13.7 (56.7)	13.7 (56.7)	11.7 (53.1)	9.0 (48.2)	6.3 (43.3)	3.5 (38.3)	2.6 (36.7)	4.0 (39.2)	6.1 (43.0)	8.2 (46.8)	9.9 (49.8)	12.5 (54.5)	8.4 (47.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F)	8.2 (46.8)	8.6 (47.5)	6.1 (43.0)	3.3 (37.9)	0.5 (32.9)	−1.8 (28.8)	−2.2 (28.0)	−1.2 (29.8)	0.5 (32.9)	2.3 (36.1)	4.1 (39.4)	6.7 (44.1)	−2.6 (27.3)
Record low °C (°F)	2.8 (37.0)	2.8 (37.0)	−0.2 (31.6)	−2.8 (27.0)	−3.9 (25.0)	−6.6 (20.1)	−6.1 (21.0)	−5.8 (21.6)	−3.7 (25.3)	−1.7 (28.9)	−1.0 (30.2)	1.2 (34.2)	−6.6 (20.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	73.2 (2.88)	62.8 (2.47)	71.1 (2.80)	84.9 (3.34)	87.7 (3.45)	99.5 (3.92)	78.6 (3.09)	83.8 (3.30)	84.6 (3.33)	89.0 (3.50)	67.9 (2.67)	93.0 (3.66)	976.1 (38.41)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)	6.8	5.3	6.1	7.3	7.4	8.7	7.7	9.2	9.8	8.9	7.5	8.6	93.3
Average relative humidity (%)	73.6	77.4	81.1	83.2	87.9	89.8	90.0	86.9	78.7	76.2	71.3	72.5	80.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours	264.6	238.8	230.8	191.9	176.0	145.4	159.6	183.9	192.5	228.3	242.6	242.7	2,497.1
Source: NIWA Climate Data

"Centre of New Zealand" monument

The marker at the "Centre of New Zealand"

Nelson has a monument on Botanical Hill, near the centre of the city. The walk to this is called the "Centre of New Zealand walk". Despite the name, this monument does not mark the actual geographic centre of New Zealand.

Instead, the monument marks the "zero, zero" point to which the first geodetic surveys of New Zealand were referenced. These surveys were started in the 1870s by John Spence Browning, the Chief Surveyor for Nelson. From this 360-degree viewpoint, survey marks in neighbouring regions (including Wellington in the North Island) could be triangulated and the local surveys connected.

In 1962, Dr Ian Reilly from the now defunct Department of Scientific and Industrial Research calculated the geographic centre of New Zealand (including Stewart Island and some smaller islands in addition to the North and South Island, but excluding the Chathams) to be in a forest in Spooners Range 35 mi (56 kilometres) southwest of Nelson at 41°30′S 172°50′E.

Owing to the coarse nature of the underlying data (use of rectangular areas of 7.5 minutes of arc on each side), the centre calculated by Dr Reilly has quite large error margins. Recalculating the result with more modern and accurate data shows the geographic centre of New Zealand is approximately 60 km southwest of Nelson, in the Big Bush Conservation Area north of Saint Arnaud, New Zealand.

Demographics

Nelson covers 422.19 km² (163.01 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 55,200 as of June 2024, with a population density of 131 people per km².

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1991	36,459	—
1996	40,278	+2.01%
2001	41,568	+0.63%
2006	42,888	+0.63%
2013	46,437	+1.14%
2018	50,880	+1.84%
2023	52,584	+0.66%
Source:

Nelson City had a population of 52,584 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,704 people (3.3%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 6,147 people (13.2%) since the 2013 census. There were 25,620 males, 26,712 females and 255 people of other genders in 20,967 dwellings. 3.6% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 44.0 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 8,712 people (16.6%) aged under 15 years, 8,226 (15.6%) aged 15 to 29, 24,285 (46.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 11,361 (21.6%) aged 65 or older.

Population density in the 2023 census

People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 84.7% European (Pākehā); 11.9% Māori; 2.8% Pasifika; 8.6% Asian; 1.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.7% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.9%, Māori language by 2.9%, Samoan by 0.5% and other languages by 12.8%. No language could be spoken by 1.7% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 26.4, compared with 28.8% nationally.

Religious affiliations were 28.2% Christian, 1.1% Hindu, 0.5% Islam, 0.3% Māori religious beliefs, 1.2% Buddhist, 0.7% New Age, 0.1% Jewish, and 1.5% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 59.1%, and 7.5% of people did not answer the census question.

Of those at least 15 years old, 8,472 (19.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 22,197 (50.6%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 10,218 (23.3%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $38,800, compared with $41,500 nationally. 3,906 people (8.9%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 20,679 (47.1%) people were employed full-time, 6,825 (15.6%) were part-time, and 969 (2.2%) were unemployed.

Individual wards

Name	Area (km2)	Population	Density (per km2)	Dwellings	Median age	Median income
Central General Ward	390.88	25,851	66	10,329	43.2 years	$39,300
Stoke-Tāhunanui General Ward	31.32	26,736	854	10,638	44.8 years	$38,200
New Zealand					38.1 years	$41,500

Urban area

Nelson's urban area covers 54.69 km² (21.12 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 51,300 as of June 2024, with a population density of 938 people per km².

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
2013	44,271	—
2018	48,129	+1.69%
2023	49,224	+0.45%
Source:

The urban area had a population of 49,224 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,095 people (2.3%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 4,953 people (11.2%) since the 2013 census. There were 23,997 males, 24,984 females and 243 people of other genders in 19,701 dwellings. 3.7% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 43.5 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 8,181 people (16.6%) aged under 15 years, 7,830 (15.9%) aged 15 to 29, 22,782 (46.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 10,431 (21.2%) aged 65 or older.

People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 84.1% European (Pākehā); 12.2% Māori; 2.9% Pasifika; 9.0% Asian; 1.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.7% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.8%, Māori language by 3.0%, Samoan by 0.6% and other languages by 13.0%. No language could be spoken by 1.7% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 26.5, compared with 28.8% nationally.

Religious affiliations were 28.2% Christian, 1.1% Hindu, 0.5% Islam, 0.3% Māori religious beliefs, 1.2% Buddhist, 0.7% New Age, 0.1% Jewish, and 1.5% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 59.0%, and 7.5% of people did not answer the census question.

Of those at least 15 years old, 7,899 (19.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 20,718 (50.5%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 9,657 (23.5%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $38,900, compared with $41,500 nationally. 3,555 people (8.7%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 19,488 (47.5%) people were employed full-time, 6,303 (15.4%) were part-time, and 933 (2.3%) were unemployed.

Economy

The Nelson economy (and that of the neighbouring Tasman District) is based on the 'big five' industries; seafood, horticulture, forestry, farming and tourism. Port Nelson is the biggest fishing port in Australasia. There are also a range of growth industries, including art and craft, aviation, engineering technology, and information technology. The region is sixth in terms of GDP growth in the 2007–10 period.

The combined sub-national GDP of Nelson and Tasman District was estimated at $3.4 billion in 2010, 1.8% of New Zealand's national GDP.

Nelson is home to various business agencies that serve the city and its surrounds, including Nelson Tasman Tourism (NTT), which aims to promote the region and help advertisers reach visitors from New Zealand and overseas, and the Nelson Regional Economic Development Agency (EDA), which works to "coordinate, promote, facilitate, investigate, develop, implement, support and fund initiatives relating to economic development [and] employment growth ... within the Nelson region ..."

Below is a list of some of the region's largest companies and employers:

• Former regional airline Air Nelson had its headquarters and maintenance base at Nelson Airport.
• Helicopters (NZ) has its headquarters and maintenance base at Nelson Airport.
• Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda has its New Zealand distribution centre in the Whakatu Industrial Estate in Stoke.
• Beverage company McCashins has a microbrewery in Stoke
• Sea Dragon Marine Oils has a fish oil refinery in Annesbrook.
• The Cawthron Institute has a research facility in The Wood.
• Food manufacturer, the Talley's Group has processing facilities at Port Nelson.
• The New Zealand King Salmon Company processes Chinook salmon at its factory in Annesbrook.
• Pic's Peanut Butter is made in its Stoke, New Zealand factory.

In 2013, Nelson Mayor Aldo Miccio worked on a proposal that would see Australian call centres for companies such as Gen-i and Xero relocated to Nelson. The plan was in response to Australian companies moving call and contact centres out of Asia because their Australian customers preferred English-speaking centres. If the plan was successful, Mr Miccio expected 100 to 300 jobs paying NZ$50,000-plus in the first year to be created in Nelson.

Government

Local

Further information: Mayor of Nelson, New Zealand

The Nelson City Council Building in 2012

As a unitary authority, the Nelson City Council has the combined responsibilities and functions of both a territorial (local) and regional council. This is different from most other local authorities in New Zealand. More often, a regional council is a separate organisation with several territorial authorities (city or district councils) within its borders. Other unitary authorities are the Auckland Council, Gisborne District Council, Marlborough District Council, Tasman District Council and the Chatham Islands Council.

The Nelson City Council currently holds its elections under the First Past the Post electoral system once every three years, with the most recent election held on 12 October 2019. Electors vote by indicating their choice for Mayor by placing a tick beside one of the names, and the person who receives the most votes becomes Mayor. Councillors are elected the same way, but voters could cast multiple votes, with the 12 candidates who each receive the most votes becoming Councillors. Voters in this system may vote for no more than 12 candidates. The elections are conducted by post over a three-week period to make it as convenient as possible for people to vote.

The other option permitted under the Local Electoral Act 2001, but not currently used in Nelson, is the Single Transferable Vote system. Multiple-member districts are used. Electors vote by ranking candidates in order of preference by placing a number beside candidates' names. The elector can mark a preference for one or up to the total number of candidates on the paper. The number of votes required for a candidate to be elected, the quota, depends on the number of positions to be filled and the number of valid votes. (Election of mayor may be held using the Instant-runoff vote method.)

Under the Local Electoral Act 2002, the Nelson City Council can resolve to change the electoral system to be used for the next two elections, and it must review this decision every six years. A referendum was held in 2003 to decide which electoral system would be used for the 2004 and 2007 Nelson City Council elections. The outcome was that the First Past the Post system was retained. The 2008 review retains that system for the 2010 and 2013 elections.

On 12 October 2013, Rachel Reese was elected as Nelson's first woman mayor after receiving 1,500 votes more than incumbent mayor Aldo Miccio.

As of 13 October 2022, the current council members for the 2022 to 2025 term are:

Mayor	Nick Smith
Deputy Mayor	Rohan O'Neill-Stevens
Councillors	Matty Anderson Matthew Benge Trudie Brand Mel Courtney James Hodgson Kahu Paki Paki Pete Rainey Campbell Rollo Rachel Sanson Tim Skinner Aaron Stallard

National

Nelson is covered by one general electorate: Nelson and one Māori electorate: Te Tai Tonga.

As of the 2023 general election, Nelson is held by Rachel Boyack of the Labour Party. The Māori electorate Te Tai Tonga, which covers the entire South Island and part of Wellington in the North Island, is currently held by Te Pāti Māori and represented by Tākuta Ferris.

Culture and the arts

Suter Art Gallery, before its 2017 renovation

As the major regional centre, the city offers many lodgings, restaurants, and unique speciality shopping such as at the Jens Hansen Goldsmiths where "The One Ring" in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy was designed.

• Nelson has a vibrant local music and arts scene and is known nationwide for its culturally idiosyncratic craftsmen. These include potters, glass blowers (such as Flamedaisy Glass Design and Höglund Art Glass Studio & Gallery), and dozens of wood carvers using native New Zealand southern beech and exotic macrocarpa.
• Nelson is a popular visitor destination and year-round attracts both New Zealanders and international tourists.
• The Nelson Saturday Market is a popular weekly market where one can buy direct from local artists.
• The Theatre Royal was restored in 2010 and is the oldest wooden functioning theatre in the Southern Hemisphere (built 1878)
• Art organisations include the Suter Art Gallery and Nelson Arts Festival.
• The Victory Village community received the 2010 New Zealander of the Year award for Community of the Year.

The first rugby union match in New Zealand took place at the Botanic Reserve in Nelson on 14 May 1870, between the Nelson Suburbs FC and Nelson College, and an informative commemorative plaque was renovated at the western edge of the grassed area by Nelson City Council in 2006.

Marae

Whakatū Marae, in the suburb of Atawhai, is the marae (meeting ground) of Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Kōata, Ngāti Rārua, Ngāti Tama ki Te Tau Ihu, Ngāti Toa Rangatira and Te Atiawa o Te Waka-a-Māui. It includes the Kākāti wharenui (meeting house).

In October 2020, the Government committed $240,739 from the Provincial Growth Fund to restore the marae, creating an estimated 9 jobs.

Events and festivals

Several major events take place:

• Nelson Jazz & Blues Festival – January
• Nelson Kite Festival – January
• Nelson Yacht Regatta – January
• Baydreams-Nelson – January
• Taste Tasman – January
• Evolve Festival – January
• Adam Chamber Music Festival – biennial – January / February
• International Kai Festival – February
• Weet-bix Kids TRYathlon – March
• Evolve Festival – February
• Marchfest – March
• Taste Nelson festival – March
• Te Ramaroa Light Festival – biennial in June/July
• Winter Music Festival – July
• Nelson Arts Festival – October
• NZ Cider Festival – November
• Nelson A&P Show – November

World of Wearable Art Awards

The annual World of Wearable Art Awards was founded in Nelson in 1987 by Suzie Moncrieff. The first show was held at the restored William Higgins cob cottage in Spring Grove, near Brightwater. The show moved to Wellington in 2005 when it became too big to hold in Nelson. A local museum showcased winning designs alongside their collection of classic cars until the venture was forced to close because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The classic car museum re-opened in 2020.

Architecture

Rutherford Hotel

The tallest building in Nelson is the 40 m (130 feet) tall Rutherford Hotel located on the west edge of Trafalgar Square. Unlike many towns and cities in New Zealand, Nelson has retained many Victorian buildings in its historic centre and the South Street area has been designated as having heritage value.

Surviving historic buildings

Amber House, a weatherboard colonial characteristic of much of New Zealand's residential architecture

• Nelson Cathedral
• Amber House
• Broadgreen House
• Cabragh House
• Chez Eelco
• Fairfield House
• Founders Park Windmill
• Isel House
• Melrose House
• Nelson Central School Renwick House
• Theatre Royal
• Victorian Rose Pub
• Redwood College (Founders Park)
• Nelson Centre of Musical Arts (formerly Nelson School of Music) Est. 1894

Museums

The Nelson region houses several museums.

• The Founders Heritage Park houses a number of groups with historical themes, including transport.
• The Nelson Provincial Museum houses a collection of locally significant artefacts.
• The Nelson Classic Car Museum houses a collection of collectable cars.

Parks and zoo

Founders Heritage Park

Nelson has a large number and variety of public parks and reserves maintained at public expense by Nelson City Council. Major reserves include Grampians Reserve, close to the suburb of Braemar, and the botanical Reserve in the east of Nelson, close to The Wood.

Natureland Zoological Park is a small zoological facility close to Tāhunanui Beach. The facility is popular with children, where they can closely approach wallabies, monkeys, meerkats, llamas and alpacas, Kune Kune pigs, otters, and peacocks. There are also turtles, tropical fish and a walk through aviary. Although the zoo nearly closed in 2008, the Orana Wildlife Trust took over its running instead. It looked like a bright future ahead for Natureland and its staff, but since the repeated earthquakes in Christchurch in 2011 and the damage to Orana Park, Orana Wildlife Trust are uncertain of the future of Natureland. Orana Wildlife trust have since pulled out of Natureland, which is now run independently.

Sister cities

Nelson has sister city relationships with:

• Miyazu, Japan (1976)
• Huangshi, China (1996)
• Yangjiang, China (2014)

Sport

Major sports teams

Club	Sport	Founded	League	Venue
Nelson Cricket Association	Cricket	1858	Hawke Cup	Saxton Oval
Nelson Giants	Basketball	1982	National Basketball League	Trafalgar Centre
Nelson Suburbs FC	Football	1962	Mainland Premier League Chatham Cup	Saxton Field
Tasman Mako	Rugby	2006	Mitre 10 Cup	Trafalgar Park
Tasman Titans	Rugby league	1995	Rugby League Cup
Tasman United	Football	2015	ISPS Handa Premiership	Trafalgar Park

Major venues

Image	Venue
	Saxton Oval
	The Trafalgar Centre
	Trafalgar Park
	Theatre Royal

Infrastructure and services

Healthcare

The main hospital in Nelson is the Nelson Hospital. It is the seat of the Nelson Marlborough District Health Board.

The Manuka Street Hospital is a private institution.

Law enforcement

The Nelson Central Police Station, located in St John Street, is the headquarters for the Tasman Police District. The Tasman Police District has the lowest crime rate within New Zealand.

Several gangs have established themselves in Nelson. They include the now disbanded Lost Breed and the Red Devils a support club for the Hells Angels. The Rebels Motorcycle Club also has a presence in the wider Nelson-Tasman area.

Electricity

The Nelson City Municipal Electricity Department (MED) established the city's public electricity supply in 1923, with electricity generated by a coal-fired power station at Wakefield Quay. The city was connected to the newly commissioned Cobb hydroelectric power station in 1944 and to the rest of the South Island grid in 1958. The grid connection saw the Wakefield Quay power station was relegated to standby duty before being decommissioned in 1964.

Today, Nelson Electricity operates the local distribution network in the former MED area, which covers the CBD and inner suburbs, while Network Tasman operates the local distribution network in the outer suburbs (including Stoke, Tāhunanui and Atawhai) and rural areas.

Transport

Air transport

Nelson Airport is located southwest of the city, at Annesbrook. The airport operates a single terminal and 1,347-metre (4,419-foot) runway, and in 2018 was the fifth-busiest airport in New Zealand by passenger numbers. There are more than a million passenger movements through the airport terminal annually and the airport averages 90 aircraft movements every day, with a plane taking off or landing every 4.5 minutes during scheduled hours.

It is primarily used for domestic flights, with regular flights to and from Auckland, Christchurch, Hamilton, Kapiti Coast, Palmerston North and Wellington. Nelson Airport is home to the former airline Air Nelson, which operated and maintained New Zealand's largest domestic airline fleet and was also the headquarters of Origin Pacific Airways until its collapse in 2006. Sounds Air offers flights from Nelson to Wellington.

In 2006, the airport received restricted international airport status to facilitate small private jets.

In February 2018, the approach road to the airport was flooded when the adjoining Jenkins Creek burst its banks during a storm that brought king tides and strong winds. The airport was closed for about one hour. In 2022, the NZ SeaRise programme identified Nelson airport as one area of particular vulnerability to sea level rise, with a projected subsidence of 5 millimetres (0.20 in) per year. The airport's Chief Executive said that the proposed runway extension would be planned around the latest sea level rise forecast, and that the airport was "here to stay", despite the concerns over the threats posed by sea level rise.

Maritime transport

Port Nelson is the maritime gateway for the Nelson, Tasman and Marlborough regions and a vital hub for economic activity. The following shipping companies call at Port Nelson:

• Australian National Line / CMA CGM
• Maersk Line
• Mediterranean Shipping Company
• Pacifica Shipping
• Toyofuji Shipping
• Swire Shipping

In the mid-1994, a group of local businessmen, fronted by local politician Owen Jennings proposed building a deep-water port featuring a one-kilometre-long wharf extending from the Boulder Bank into Tasman Bay, where giant ships could berth and manoeuvre with ease. Known as Port Kakariki, the $97 million project was to become the hub to ship West Coast coal to Asia, as well as handling logs, which would be barged across Tasman Bay from Mapua.

In January 2010, the Western Blue Highway, a Nelson to New Plymouth ferry service, was proposed by Port Taranaki. However, to date, neither the Interislander nor Bluebridge have shown any interest in the route.

Anchor Shipping and Foundry Company

See also: TSS Arahura

The 'Anchor Shipping and Foundry Company' was formed 31 March 1901 from the earlier companies of Nathaniel Edwards & Co (1857–1880) and the Anchor Steam Shipping Company (1880–1901). The Anchor Company never departed from its original aim of providing services to the people of Nelson and the West Coast of the South Island and was never a large company; it only owned 37 ships during its history. At its peak around 1930, there were 16 vessels in the fleet. The company operated three nightly return trips per week ferry service between Nelson and Wellington and a daily freight service was maintained between the two ports in conjunction with the Pearl Kasper Shipping Company, while another service carried general cargo on a Nelson-Onehunga route. In 1974, the Anchor Company was sold and merged into the Union Company.

Public transport

The sign that welcomes visitors to Nelson

Nelson Motor Service Company ran the first motor bus in Nelson in 1906 and took over the Palace horse buses in 1907.

Ebus

Ebus provides public transport services between Nelson, Richmond, Motueka and Wakefield as well as on two local routes connecting Atawhai, Nelson Hospital, The Brook and the Airport.

Route numbers	Start	via	End	Notes
1	Nelson	Hospital, Bishopdale, Stoke	Richmond
2	Nelson	Tāhunanui, Annesbrook, Stoke	Richmond
3	Atawhai	The Wood, Nelson, Toi Toi	Hospital
4	Airport	Washington Valley, Nelson, NMIT	The Brook
5	Nelson	Richmond, Māpua, Tasman Village	Motueka
6	Nelson	Richmond, Hope, Brightwater	Wakefield

The Late Late Bus is a weekend night transport service between Nelson and Richmond. NBus Cards were replaced by Bee Cards on 3 August 2020.

InterCity provides daily bus services connecting Nelson with towns and cities around the South Island.

Taxis and shuttle vans

Taxi companies in Nelson include the following:

• Nelson Bays Cabs
• Nelson City Taxis
• Sun City Taxis

Rail transport

Nelson is one of only five major urban areas in New Zealand without a rail connection – the others being Taupō, Rotorua, Gisborne and Queenstown. The Nelson Section was an isolated, 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge, government-owned railway line between Nelson and Glenhope. It operated for 79 years between 1876 and 1955.

In 1886, a route was proposed from Nelson to the junction of the Midland Railway Company at Buller via Richmond, Waimea West, Upper Moutere, Motueka, the Motueka Valley, Tadmor and Glenhope.

The only sign of rail activity in Nelson today is a short heritage operation run by the Nelson Railway Society from Founders Heritage Park using their own line between Wakefield Grove and Grove. The society has proposed future extensions of their line, possibly into or near the city centre. There have been several proposals to connect Nelson to the South Island rail network, but none have come to fruition.

Horse tramway

The Dun Mountain Railway was a horse-drawn tramway serving a mine.

Road transport

The Nelson urban area is served by State Highway 6, which runs in a north to southwest direction. The highway travels through the city and nearby town of Richmond, continuing southwest across the plains of the Wairoa and Motueka Rivers. Plans to construct a motorway linking North Nelson to Brightwater in the south have so far been unsuccessful. A number of studies have been undertaken since 2007 including the 2007 North Nelson to Brightwater Study, the Southern Link Road Project and the Arterial Traffic Study. On 28 June 2013, the Nelson Mayor Aldo Miccio and Nelson MP Nick Smith jointly wrote to Transport Minister Gerry Brownlee seeking for the Southern Link to be given Road of National Significance (RoNS) status.

Other significant road projects proposed over the years include a cross-city tunnel from Tāhunanui Drive to Haven Road; or from Annesbrook (or Tāhunanui) to Emano Street in Victory Square; or from Tāhunanui to Washington Valley.

The passenger and freight company Newmans Coach Lines was formed in Nelson in 1879, and merged with Transport Nelson in 1972.

Education

Main article: List of schools in Nelson, New Zealand

Secondary schools

• Garin College
• Nayland College
• Nelson College
• Nelson College for Girls

Tertiary institutions

Nelson hosts two tertiary education institutions, the main one being Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology. The institute has two main campuses, one in Nelson and the other in Blenheim, in the neighbouring Marlborough region. The institute has been providing tertiary education in the Nelson-Marlborough region for the last 100 years.

Nelson also has a University of Canterbury College of Education campus, which currently has an intake two out of every three years for the primary sector.

Media

Broadcasting

The city is served by all major national radio and television stations, with terrestrial television (Freeview) and FM radio. Local radio stations include The Hits (formerly Radio Nelson), More FM (formerly Fifeshire FM), The Breeze, ZM (formerly The Planet 97FM) and community station Fresh FM. The city has one local television station, Mainland Television.

Print

The Nelson Examiner was the first newspaper published in the South Island. It was established by Charles Elliott (1811–1876) in 1842, within a few weeks of New Zealand Company settlers arriving in Nelson. Other early newspapers were The Colonist and the Nelson Evening Mail. Today, the Nelson Mail publishes four days a week and is owned by Stuff Ltd. The Nelson Mail also publishes the weekly community papers The Nelson Leader and The Tasman Leader. The city's largest circulating newspaper is the locally owned Nelson Weekly, which is published every Wednesday.

WildTomato was a glossy monthly lifestyle magazine, focused on the Nelson and Marlborough regions – the Top of the South Island of New Zealand. The regional magazine was launched by Murray Farquhar as a 16-page local magazine in Nelson in July 2006, but was put into liquidation in March 2021.

Notable people

Main category: People from Nelson, New Zealand

• Sophia Anstice – seamstress and businesswoman
• Harry Atmore – politician
• Francis Bell – politician
• George Bennett – cyclist
• Chester Borrows – politician
• Mark Bright – rugby union player
• Jeremy Brockie – footballer
• Cory Brown – footballer
• Paul Brydon – footballer
• Mel Courtney – politician
• Ryan Crotty – rugby union player
• Rod Dixon – athlete
• Frederick Richard Edmund Emmett – music dealer and colour therapist
• Dame Sister Pauline Engel – nun and educator
• Finn Fisher-Black – cyclist
• Rose Frank – photographer
• John Guy – cricket player
• Isaac Mason Hill – social reformer, servant, storekeeper and ironmonger
• Frederick Nelson Jones – inventor
• Nina Jones – painter
• Charles Littlejohn – rower
• Liam Malone – athlete
• Simon Mannering – rugby league player
• Aldo Miccio – politician
• Marjorie Naylor – artist
• Edgar Neale – politician
• Geoffrey Palmer – politician and former Prime Minister
• Nick Smith – politician
• Frank Howard Nelson Stapp – concert impresario
• Rhian Sheehan – composer and musician
• Riki van Steeden – footballer
• Mike Ward – politician
• George William Wallace Webber – postmaster, boarding-house keeper and farmer
• Nate Wilbourne – environmentalist
• Guy Williams – comedian
• Paul Williams – comedian

Panoramas

A panorama of Nelson City from the Centre of New Zealand monument

The Boulder Bank is an unusual natural formation in Nelson.

See also

• List of twin towns and sister cities in New Zealand

References

Bibliography

• A Complete Guide To Heraldry by A.C. Fox-Davies, 1909.

External links

• Nelson (New Zealand) travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Historic images of Nelson from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
• Nelson City Council
• Nelson Tasman Tourism Archived 1 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine