The Kūʻē (Hawaiian: "opposition") Petitions of 1897 were a protest against the annexation of Hawaii by the United States.[1] Also referred to as the "monster petition".[2] It was organized by Hui Aloha ʻĀina.
History
editThe majority of the population of the Hawaiian Kingdom in the late 1890s was vociferously opposed to annexation. In a single weeklong petition drive in 1897, 21,269 signatures — representing well over half of the native adult population of Hawaii at the time[3] — were procured by horseback, boat and foot travel by members of Hui Aloha ʻĀina (Hawaiian Patriotic League). Names on the petition were from loyal subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom many of which were Asian because of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 that threatened the voting rights of the Asian population in the Hawaiian Kingdom. These petitions were hand-carried to Washington and delivered to the United States Senate by a commission of Native Hawaiian delegates consisting of James Keauiluna Kaulia (president of Hui Aloha ʻĀina), David Kalauokalani (president of Hui Kālaiʻāina), William Auld, and John Richardson.[4]
Text
editThe text of the petitions is as follows:
"To his Excellency WILLIAM McKINLEY, President, and the Senate, of the United States of America. Greeting - Whereas there has been submitted to the Senate of the United States of America a treaty for the Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the said United States of America, for consideration at its regular session in December A.D. 1897; therefore,
We the undersigned, native Hawaiian citizens and residents of the district of.............Island of.........who are members of the Women's Hawaiian Patriotic League of the Hawaiian Islands, and others who are in sympathy with the said league, earnestly protest against the annexation of the said Hawaiian Islands to the United States of America in any form or shape."
Effect
editAfter receiving the petitions, the United States Senate in 1898 failed to approve the annexation treaty by the necessary two-thirds majority.[5] Annexation was then effected under the Newlands Resolution.
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Minton, Nālani; Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole; Osorio, Jamaica Heolimeleikalani; Silva, Noenoe K. (2020). Kūʻē Petitions: A Mau Loa Aku Nō. Kaiao Press in partnerhsip with Friends of the Judiciary History Center.
References
edit- ^ Severns, Tara. "HWST 115 - Mo'okū'auhau: Hawaiian Genealogies: Home". Windward Community College (Hawaii). Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ Van Dyke, Jon M. (2008). Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaiʻi?. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8248-6560-3. OCLC 257449971 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ Swanson, David. "A New Estimate of the Hawaiian Population for 1778, the Year of First European Contact" (PDF). University of California–Riverside.
- ^ "Anti-annexation petitions - Page 4". Archived from the original on 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
- ^ "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii". National Archives. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
External links
edit- "Annexation of Hawaii | University of Hawaii at Manoa Library". libweb.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-31.