The Kafkania pebble is a small rounded river pebble about 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long, with marks resembling Linear B and a double axe inscribed on it. It was found in Kafkania, some 7 km (4.3 mi) north of Olympia, on 1 April 1994 in a 17th-century BC archaeological context. If it were genuine, it would be the earliest writing on the Greek mainland, and by far the earliest document in Linear B. The Kafkania Pebble would also have had to exist two or more centuries before the earliest of the Linear B Documents.[1] However, it is in all probability a modern forgery and a hoax.
Inscription
editThe pebble bears a short inscription of eight signs apparently from the Linear B syllabary, possibly reading a-so-na / qo-ro-qa / qa-jo. The reverse side shows a double-axe symbol. The inscription is identified by some[who?] to be in Mycenean Greek, but that identification remains disputed. It has been suggested that such an isolated example of Linear B script indicates, at best, an early stage of Mycenaean writing at the time of origin.[2]
G. Owens suggests that the inscription is Minoan in origin rather than Mycenaean. Then, a Minoan could have written the text for a Mycenaean. No evidence exists that the Mycenaean Greeks wrote before the Linear B archive of Knossos.[3]
Forgery
editSeveral specialists in Mycenaean epigraphy have expressed serious doubts about the authenticity of the inscription; indications that it is a modern forgery include:[4][5][6][7]
- Inscriptions on pebbles are otherwise unknown in Mycenaean and Minoan epigraphy.
- The "rays" surrounding the axe have no parallels in Mycenaean or Minoan iconography.
- Most of the symbols are "carefully executed" but one appears to be a "random graffito".[4]
- Its context, imbedded in a wall, is peculiar and unprecedented.
- Linear B is otherwise consistently written left-to-right, but the inscription is apparently written in boustrophedon.
- The writing style appears anachronistic.
- It is unlikely on historical grounds that Linear B writing then existed in the northwest Peloponnese.
- Finally, the pebble was apparently discovered on the morning of April Fool's Day.[8] If it is indeed a forgery, the symbols spelling a-so-na may spell out the name Iasonas, the first name of the son of Xeni Arapojanni and Jörg Rambach, the alleged discoverers of the pebble.[4]
See also
edit- Psychro or Epioi inscription, a modern forgery involving characters resembling Linear A characters
References
edit- ^ Palaima, Thomas G. (2002), OL Zh I: QVOVSQVE TANDEM?, doi:10.15781/T2N873G6S, retrieved 2022-02-27
- ^ Deger-Jalkotzy, Sigrid; Hiller, Stefan; Panagl, Oswald (1999). Floreant studia Mycenaea. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. p. 557. ISBN 9783700127871.
- ^ Gareth Owens; Simon Benett (2005). "Minoan Inscriptions in Mycenaean Greece" (PDF). DO-SO-MO: Fascicula Mycenologica Polona. 6: 52–69.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Thomas G. Palaima, "OL Zh 1: QVOVSQVE TANDEM?" Minos 37-38 (2002-2003), p. 373-85 full text
- ^ Hellemans, Geert (2004). Étude phonétique et graphique du [j] (jod) en grec mycénien. Leuven: Ph.D. dissertation. hdl:1979/33., p. 35.
- ^ John G. Younger, review of Yves Duhoux and Anna Morpurgo Davies, A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World, 1 in American Journal of Archaeology Online Book Review, 113.4 (October 2009) full text Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ J. Driessen, "Chronology of the Linear B Texts" in Yves Duhoux, Anna Morpurgo Davies, eds., A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World, 1:76 (2008) full text "This pebble remains something of an enigma since neither its date, nor its context, nor its nature can be easily fitted into a general historical framework; hence I remain sceptical and await further discoveries."
- ^ Minos: 2003, p. 489; Meletemata: Studies in Aegean archaeology presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as he enters his 65th year, vol. 2, 1999; Polemos: Le contexte guerrier en Egée à l'âge du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Université de Liège, 14-17 avril 1998, 1999, p. 400.
Sources
edit- Arapojanni, Xeni; Rambach, Jörg; Godart, Louis (2002). Kavkania: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung von 1994 auf dem Hügel von Agrilitses. Mainz: von Zabern. ISBN 3-8053-2934-2.