Kaira, sometimes called frilled orbweavers,[3] is a mostly neotropical genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1889.[4] It includes sixteen described species that occur from South America up to the southern and eastern USA.[1] It is presumably related to Aculepeira, Amazonepeira and Metepeira.[5]
| Frilled orbweavers | |
|---|---|
| |
| Kaira alba | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Araneidae |
| Genus: | Kaira O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889[1] |
| Type species | |
| K. gibberosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890
| |
| Species | |
|
16, see text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
They spin small webs from which they hang upside down and attract male moths that fly into a basket formed by their legs. They use a moth pheromone for this, which resembles the one used by the bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora. Though they belong to the same family, the two genera are not closely related, so this is likely an example of convergent evolution.[5]
All species are pale yellow-white with scattered, small, white, brown and black random spots, or in some species transverse bands. Females have a body length of about 4 to 10 millimetres (0.16 to 0.39 in). Males are less than half the size of females and less pigmented.[5]
Kaira specimens are uncommon in arachnologist collections, and the females of different species are difficult to separate. Females and immatures can be confused with species of the not closely related genus Pozonia.[5]
Behavior
editWhen a fly was put into a jar containing a K. alba, the female dropped from the underside of the lid on what seemed a single thread about 12 mm (0.47 in) long and hung there until the fly blundered into her. Then she clamped her legs around it and killed it. Instead of constructing orb webs, they construct a small trapezoidal web, containing two triangular zigzags of threads, which is remade every twenty minutes. The spider then hangs upside-down by the fourth leg on the lower and shorter parallel edge of the trapezoid, which is spread by the other legs. When a moth flies into the basket formed by the spider's legs, it is clasped and bitten, and later wrapped in araneid-like fashion. The moth is then hung from a trapeze line between the last legs of the spider, which resumes the hunting posture. As many as eight moths can be caught in this way before the spider starts feeding.[5]
Species
editAs of April 2019[update] it contains sixteen species:[1]
- Kaira alba (Hentz, 1850) – USA, Mexico
- Kaira altiventer O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – USA to Brazil
- Kaira candidissima (Mello-Leitão, 1941) – Argentina
- Kaira cobimcha Levi, 1993 – Brazil
- Kaira conica Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1948 – Brazil, Argentina
- Kaira dianae Levi, 1993 – Peru
- Kaira echinus (Simon, 1897) – Brazil, Argentina
- Kaira electa (Keyserling, 1883) – Brazil
- Kaira erwini Levi, 1993 – Peru
- Kaira gibberosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890 – Mexico to Brazil
- Kaira hiteae Levi, 1977 – USA
- Kaira levii Alayón, 1993 – Cuba
- Kaira sabino Levi, 1977 – USA
- Kaira sexta (Chamberlin, 1916) – Guatemala to Brazil
- Kaira shinguito Levi, 1993 – Peru
- Kaira tulua Levi, 1993 – Colombia
References
edit- ^ a b c d "Gen. Kaira O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
- ^ a b Levi, H. W. (1977). "The orb-weaver genera Metepeira, Kaira and Aculepeira in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Araneidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 148: 214.
- ^ "Genus Kaira". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
- ^ Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1889), "Arachnida. Araneida", Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology
- ^ a b c d e Levi, Herbert W. (1993). "The orb-weaver genus Kaira (Araneae: Araneidae)" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 21 (3): 209–225.