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Cashibo (Caxibo, Cacibo, Cachibo, Cahivo), Cacataibo, Cashibo-Cacataibo, Managua, or Hagueti is an indigenous language of Peru in the region of the Aguaytía, San Alejandro, and Súngaro rivers. It belongs to the Panoan language family.
| Cashibo | |
|---|---|
| Cacataibo | |
| Native to | Perú |
| Ethnicity | Cashibo people |
Native speakers | 1,200 (2007)[1] |
Panoan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cbr |
| Glottolog | cash1251 |
| ELP | Cashibo |
Dialects are Kashibo (Kaschinõ), Rubo/Isunbo, Kakataibo, and Nokamán,[2] which until recently had been thought to be extinct.
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | ||||||
| Plosive | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Tap/Flap | ɾ | ||||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||
| Fricative | s | ʂ | ʃ | ||||
| Approximant | β̞ | j | w | ||||
The consonant inventory includes both a bilabial approximant, realized as [β̞], and a labial-velar approximant /w/.
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Back vowels /o/ and /u/ are phonetically realized as less rounded; [o̜], [u̜].[3]
Statistics
editThe language is official along the Aguaytía, San Alejandro, and Súngaro rivers in Perú where it is most widely spoken. It is used in schools until third grade. There are not many monolinguals, although some women over the age of fifty are.
There is five to ten percent literacy compared to fifteen to twenty-five percent literacy in Spanish as a second language. A Cashibo-Cacataibo dictionary has been compiled, and there is a body of literature, especially poetry.
References
edit- ^ Cashibo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Biondi, Roberto Zariquiey. 2013. Tessmann's <Nokamán>: a linguistic investigation of a mysterious Panoan group. Cadernos de Etnolingüística, volume 5, número 2, dezembro/2013.
- ^ Zariquiey Biondi, Roberto (2011). A Grammar of Kashibo-Kakataibo (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/524397.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.