Karpenko (Ukrainian, Russian: Карпе́нко) or Karpienka (Belarusian: Карпе́нка) is a Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Alexey Karpenko (also Oleksiy Viktorovych Karpenko, born 1949), Ukrainian psychophysiologist and cell transplantologist
- Andrey Karpenko (born 1966), Soviet and Russian footballer and football functionary
- Hienadź Karpienka (1949–1999), Belarusian scientist and politician
- Igor Karpenko (born 1976), Ukrainian ice hockey goaltender
- Nikolay Karpenko (born 1981), Kazakh ski jumper
- Olena Karpenko (stage-name Solomia, born 1981), Ukrainian singer, composer and poet
- Serhiy Karpenko (born 1981), Ukrainian footballer
- Valentyna Karpenko (born 1972), road cyclist from Ukraine
- Victor Karpenko (born 1977), Uzbek footballer
- Viktoria Karpenko (born 1981), Ukrainian and Bulgarian gymnast