Kazakhstan–Spain relations are the bilateral relations between Kazakhstan and Spain. Both nations are members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
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History
editAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan became an independent nation in December 1991. On 11 February 1992, Kazakhstan and Spain established diplomatic relations.[1] In 1999, Spain opened a resident embassy in the former capital of Almaty before moving the embassy to Astana in 2006. That same year, Kazakhstan opened a resident embassy in Madrid.[1]
Since the initial establishment of diplomatic relations, both nations have worked closely within multinational forums such as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. In 2017, Spain participated in the Expo 2017 being held in Astana.[2]
High-level visits
editHigh-level from Kazakhstan to Spain[1][3]
- President Nursultan Nazarbayev (2008, 2013)
High-level from Spain to Kazakhstan[4][5][6]
- King Juan Carlos I (2007)
- Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2011)
- Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy (2013)
Agreements
editSince 1992, both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as Agreement on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (1995); Agreement on Economic and Industrial Cooperation (1997); Agreement on Cultural, Educational and Scientific Cooperation (1997); Agreement to transport equipment and military personnel through Kazakh territory for Spanish stabilization and reconstruction in Afghanistan (2009); Agreement on the Elimination of Visas for Diplomatic Passport Holders (2009); Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (2009); Extradition Treaty (2012) and an Agreement on Military Cooperation (2013).[1]
Trade
editIn 2015, trade between Kazakhstan and Spain totaled €1.3 billion Euros.[1] Kazakhstan's main exports to Spain include: combustibles and lubricants, copper based products, inorganic chemical products, steel products and electrical equipment. Spain's main exports to Kazakhstan include: vehicles, air navigation equipment, construction equipment, clothing and shoes.[1]
Resident diplomatic missions
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Kazakhstan (in Spanish)
- ^ Pabellón de España en Expo Astana 2017 (in Spanish)
- ^ El presidente de Kazajistán visita hoy España, donde se reunirá con el Rey y Rajoy (in Spanish)
- ^ Visita Oficial de Sus Majestades los Reyes a la República de Kazajstán (in Spanish)
- ^ Zapatero inicia en Kazajistán una gira para apoyar las exportaciones españolas
- ^ Rajoy viaja a Kazajstán para apoyar a las grandes empresas de obra pública (in Spanish)
- ^ "Embassy of Kazakhstan in Madrid". Archived from the original on 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
- ^ "Embassy of Spain in Astana". Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
