Kejimkujik National Park (/ˈkɛdʒɪməˌkuːdʒɪk/)[2] is a national park of Canada, covering 404 km2 (156 sq mi) in the southwest of Nova Scotia peninsula. Located within three municipalities, Annapolis, Queens, Digby, it consists of two separate land areas: an inland part, which is coincident with the Kejimkujik National Historic Site of Canada, and the Kejimkujik National Park Seaside on the Atlantic coast.[3]
| Kejimkujik National Park | |
|---|---|
| Parc national Kejimkujik | |
 Little River | |
  Location in Canada  Kejimkujik National Park (Nova Scotia) | |
| Location | Nova Scotia, Canada |
| Nearest city | Halifax |
| Coordinates | 44°23′57″N 65°13′06″W / 44.39917°N 65.21833°W |
| Area | 404 km2 (156 sq mi) |
| Established | 1967 |
| Visitors | 75,284 (in 2022–23[1]) |
| Governing body | Parks Canada |
 | |
| Official name | Kejimkujik National Historic Site of Canada |
| Designated | 1994 |
The Historic site is a cultural landscape 404 square kilometres (156 sq mi) forested upland plain between the South Shore and the Annapolis Valley. It is home to petroglyph sites, habitation sites, fishing and hunting sites, travel routes and burial grounds, which attest to Mi’kmaq occupancy of this area for thousands of years.
The seaside part is a wilderness protection area featuring coastal bogs, beaches, intertidal areas, and abundant flora and fauna.[4]
The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada has designated the park a dark-sky preserve.[5]
The park is named after Kejimikujik Lake, the largest lake in the park.
History
editThe name Kejimkujik is officially translated to "tired muscles" in the Mi'kmaq language, although other sources interpret it to mean "swollen waters" or "attempting to escape".[6]
Canoe routes in the park have been used for thousands of years by native peoples to travel from the Bay of Fundy to the Atlantic shore.[7] A major travel route for the Mi'kmaq was the Mersey River, which runs from Kejimkujik Lake to the Atlantic Ocean. The Mi'kmaq would often travel up the river to the lake where they camped during the fall and winter months on the shores of the park's rivers and lakes.[6]
There are four Mi'kmaw petroglyph sites in the park containing around 500 individual petroglyphs.[6] They are found in slate beds on the eastern side of Kejimikujik Lake. There are no slates beds on the western side. They are highly protected. Only one site can be visited by the public via a guided tour in the summer.[8] The petroglyphs show aspects of Mi'kmaw life after European contact, and are dated to the 1700s and 1800s. Many are symbolic and sometimes ambiguous. Motifs associated with traditional culture include canoes, wigwams, traditional costume, and decorative designs. There are also images of prey animals, but none of plants.[8] European motifs include ships, horses, women in dresses, Christian symbols, and five-pointed stars.
The Tent Dwellers is a book by Albert Paine[9] which chronicles his travels through inland Nova Scotia on a trout fishing trip. Published in 1908, it takes place in what is now Kejimkujik National Park and the Kejimkujik Seaside Tobeatic Game Reserve.
After European settlement, the Mi'kmaq living in the area found it increasingly difficult to maintain their traditional way of life. Many Mi'kmaq families were forced off of their hunting grounds by settlers who were clearing the land for farming and logging. Poverty eventually became pervasive for the area's Mi'kmaq residents. Ultimately, many of these residents either took up farming or found employment as guides for wealthy visitors to the area through hunting and fishing expeditions.[6]
Today, the area does not serve as a residential area, but is still considered to be a spiritual home to the Mi'kmaq people.[6]
Recreation
editThe main Jeremy's Bay campground has 355 campsites, many suitable for large RVs, and generates about $1 million per year in fees.[10] A group campground for up to 80 people is at Jim Charles Point, named after the eponymous local First Nations Guide who lived there in the mid-1800s.[11] There are also backcountry primitive campsites accessible by canoe, bicycle or hiking.
There are 15 hiking trails for hiking, skiing, or snowshoeing. Backcountry campsites can also be accessed on foot. Winter camping is possible.[12] Activities such as bird-watching and night sky viewing are also available in the park.[13]
Canoeing
editCanoeing is a popular form of recreation in the park, thanks to its many lakes. There is extensive canoeing on Kejimkujik Lake itself, and many of the smaller lakes in the park are interconnected by portage trails. Many of park's backcountry campsites can only be accessed by canoe. Common canoe routes in the park include a loop connecting Big Dam, Frozen Ocean, and Channel Lakes, and the lakes south and west of Kejmkujik Lake, including Peskowesk and Peskawa lakes. From Peskawa Lake, it is possible to reach the Shelburne River and enter the Tobeatic Wilderness Area, located just outside the park.[14]
Flora
editMost of the park's forest is second growth, although it does contain significant areas of intact original habitat.[15] The park is situated in the Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve in a region characterized as Acadian forest. There are 23 species of ferns that are found in the park. Common ferns include cinnamon fern, bracken fern, and New York fern. Rare ferns such as oak fern, dwarf chain fern, bog fern, and curly-grass fern are also protected in the park. Wildflowers bloom from May through June and common species include blue violet, star-flower, rose twisted-stalk, twin-flower, painted trillium, and goldthread.[16] There are 544 species of vascular plants in the park and 15 species of orchids including Common lady’s-slipper and Rattlesnake plantain.[16]
Fauna
editAmong the 34 species of mammal found in the park, the more common are: shrews, the star-nosed mole, bats, snowshoe hare, squirrels (including nocturnal flying squirrels), beaver (protected species in Nova Scotia), mice, voles, porcupine, red fox, and white-tailed deer.[17] The park's shallow lakes, bogs, and marshes are a habitat to a greater variety of amphibians and reptiles than anywhere else in Atlantic Canada.[18] The other mammals that inhabit this park include eastern coyote, North American river otter, raccoon, bobcat, American black bear and eastern moose.
Common birds of the park include hermit thrush, white-breasted nuthatch, American woodcock, northern parula, yellow-bellied sapsucker, piping plover (at the seaside), ruffed grouse, common loon, barred owl, and the American black duck.[19]
At the Kejimkujik seaside, harbor seals can be seen.[7] The Little Port Joli Basin and Basin Lake are being used for European green crab research. The removal of the green crabs is essential in research into the dwindling fish stocks on the East Coast.
Invasive species include the chain pickerel and the small-mouth bass.[20]
The park is habitat to many endangered or threatened species, including the Blanding's turtle, ribbon snake, piping plover, Canada warbler, common nighthawk, chimney swift, monarch butterfly, and harlequin duck.[21]
Common loons in the park have the highest levels of methyl mercury in their blood of any loons in North America, the result of bioaccumulation. This is reducing their reproduction rates. Yellow perch, 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long, is their main source of food, and these have been found to have more than twice the mercury level than loons from neighbouring New Brunswick.[22] After years of research, the ultimate source of the mercury remains unknown.[23] Mercury is present in many fish across Nova Scotia, and there are province-wide advisories on all species, except rainbow trout.[24]
The federal government Kejimkujik Ecological Research and Monitoring Centre has run dozens of projects in the park.[25]
Geography
edit
The park is located in a flat plain. Its highest point, Mount Tom, is at 180 m (590 ft). Precambrian to Ordovician quartzite and slate form the bedrock, along with Devonian granite. These rocks provide few nutrients to the soils that develop from them. Podzols are found in well-drained areas, which poorly-drained areas are dominated by Gleysols and peat bog.[26]
Fifteen percent of the park is covered by lakes. Evidence of the Last Glacial Period include drumlins, erratics, and eskers.[26] Major rivers include the Mersey, and the Shelburne, major lakes include Kejimikujik, and Luxton.
Kejimujik National Park Seaside includes white sandy beaches and coastal wetland areas. It also has boulder fields and drumlins formed by glacial action.
Climate
editThe park has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with four distinct seasons. Being located inland, in the western part of Nova Scotia, the park has warmer temperatures and higher precipitation than eastern sections of Nova Scotia.[27] Winters are cold with a January average of −5.0 °C (23.0 °F). During this time of the year, the maximum temperature often stays below freezing although frequent mild spells push maximum temperatures above freezing frequently (about 12–19 days from December to February) and occasionally above 10 °C (50.0 °F) when the wind is from the southwest.[27] On average, there are 3.3 days where the temperature falls below −20.0 °C (−4.0 °F) per year. Winters are characterized by stretches of unsettled weather, resulting in high precipitation and cloud cover.[27] Snowfall is high, averaging 243.7 centimetres (95.9 in) a year.
Summers are warm with a July average of 19.6 °C (67.3 °F) and precipitation is lower (though significant) than the winter months. Temperatures in the park rarely exceed 30.0 °C (86.0 °F), occurring on 5.9 days per year owing to the moderating influence of the ocean.[28] Spring and fall are transitional seasons that feature mild temperature although they are unpredictable. The park receives 1,453.0 millimetres (57 in) of precipitation per year, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.
| Climate data for Kejimkujik National Park, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1966–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
31.5 (88.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
34.0 (93.2) |
34.4 (93.9) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.0 (93.2) |
27.5 (81.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
34.7 (94.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.5 (31.1) |
0.5 (32.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.0 (77.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
14.2 (57.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −5.0 (23.0) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.1 (66.4) |
15.1 (59.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −9.6 (14.7) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
2.1 (35.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.0 (−23.8) |
−34.0 (−29.2) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
−29.0 (−20.2) |
−34.0 (−29.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 158.5 (6.24) |
117.8 (4.64) |
124.1 (4.89) |
113.6 (4.47) |
105.8 (4.17) |
96.8 (3.81) |
76.0 (2.99) |
93.2 (3.67) |
116.6 (4.59) |
144.1 (5.67) |
160.6 (6.32) |
146.1 (5.75) |
1,453 (57.20) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 71.7 (28.2) |
53.4 (21.0) |
39.1 (15.4) |
12.9 (5.1) |
0.7 (0.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
2.3 (0.9) |
12.3 (4.8) |
51.2 (20.2) |
243.7 (95.9) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 19.7 | 17.0 | 16.7 | 16.1 | 17.7 | 15.6 | 14.2 | 14.1 | 16.1 | 17.1 | 18.2 | 19.4 | 201.8 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 10.6 | 8.4 | 5.8 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 8.3 | 37.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 LST) | 78.0 | 70.1 | 60.5 | 58.0 | 57.5 | 60.3 | 60.3 | 60.4 | 63.8 | 66.8 | 75.9 | 80.6 | 66.0 |
| Source: Environment Canada (snow 1971–2000)[28][29][30] | |||||||||||||
Trails
edit- Mersey Meadow: Easy, Linear, 70 metres one way
- Mill Falls: Easy, Linear, 2 kilometres return
- Beech Grove: Moderate, Loop, 2.2 kilometres
- Flowing Waters: Easy, Loop 1 kilometre
- Hemlocks and Hardwoods: Moderate, Loop, 5 kilometres
- Farmlands: Moderate, Loop, 1.1 kilometres
- Rogers Brook: Easy, Loop, 1 kilometres
- Grafton Woods: Easy, Loop, 1,6 kilometres
- Snake Lake: Moderate, Loop, 3 kilometres
- Gold Mines: Moderate, Linear, 1.5 kilometres one way (closed)
- Peter Point: Moderate, Linear, 1.9 kilometres one way
- Mersey River: Easy, Linear, 3.5 kilometres one way
- Slapfoot: Moderate, Linear, 3.2 kilometres one way
- Jake's Landing to Merrymakedge Beach: Moderate, Linear, 3 kilometres one way
- Ukem'k: Moderate, Linear, 6.3 kilometres one way
- Eel Weir to Fire Tower: Moderate, Linear, 19.5 kilometres return
- Channel Lake: Difficult, Loop, 24 kilometres
- Liberty Lake: Difficult, Linear, 60.5 kilometres
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Canada, Parks. "Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Open Government Portal". open.canada.ca. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
- ^ Parks Canada (2017-07-26). Parks Can Can Canada 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
- ^ Kejimkujik. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- ^ "Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site". Parks Canada. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ "N.S. national park named night sky preserve". CBC. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Dawson, Joan (2022). Nova Scotia's Historic Inland Communities. Halifax, NS: Nimbus Publishing. pp. 8–12. ISBN 978-1-77471-062-3.
- ^ a b "Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site". Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ a b Cave, Beverley. "The Petroglyphs of Kejimkujik National Park Nova Scotia: A fresh perspective on their physical and cultural contexts" (PDF). Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ "The Tent Dwellers by Albert Bigelow Paine". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ McPhee, John. "Main Kejimkujik campground to close for season". Truro News. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ Crowell, Bill (April 2008). The artist & the colonel: The story of Mabel Killam Day and Frank Parker Day. Glen Margaret Publishing. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-897462-03-4.
- ^ "Kejimkujik National Park". Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ National Geographic Guide to the National Parks of Canada (Second ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Partners. 2017. pp. 56–60.
- ^ "Backcountry Guide Map for Kejimkujik - Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site".
- ^ "New England-Acadian forests". WWF. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ a b Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2018-05-03). "Wildflowers - Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
- ^ Wood, Thomas. "The Recent Mammals of Kejimkujik National Park" (PDF). Canadian Wildlife Service. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ Finkelstein, Maxwell. "Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ "10 Common Bird-Sightings in Kejimjujik National Park, Nova Scotia". Canadian Living. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ Cowley, Jim. "Dreaded invasive fish makes its way into Kejimkujik Park". CBC. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ "Protecting species". Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ "Fishing for Answers" (PDF). Government of Canada. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ "Kejimkujik National Park mercury source still a mystery". CBC News. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
- ^ "Fish consumption advisory". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ "Research at Kejimkujik". Government of Canada. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site Geology". Parks Canada. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ a b c "Nova Scotia's Climate" (PDF). Natural History of Nova Scotia, Volume 1. Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
- ^ a b "Kejimkujik". Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020. Environment Canada. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- ^ "Kejimkujik Park". Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000. Environment Canada. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for November 2022". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
External links
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