Khalatse (Wylie: mkhar la rtse, THL: khar la tsé), often written as Khaltse or Khalsi, is the headquarters of the eponymous subdivision, block and tehsil in the Leh district of Ladakh, India.[1][2] It is located 95 km from Leh city on the old main road to Kargil, where it crosses the Indus over an iron bridge.[3] Much of its importance is because it is the place where the road from Kashmir debouches into the Indus Valley.[4]
Khalatse
Khaltse, Khalsi | |
|---|---|
.jpg) School children in Khalatse | |
  Khalatse  Khalatse | |
| Coordinates: 34°19′12″N 76°52′45″E / 34.3200775°N 76.8793025°E | |
| Country |  India |
| Union Territory |  Ladakh |
| District | Leh |
| Tehsil | Khalatse |
| Sub-Divisional Magistrate | Suhail Ahmad |
| Elevation | 2,987 m (9,800 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 767 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| 2011 census code | 948 |
Close by are the remains of an old fortified customs house.[5] Khaltsi is also the location of the upcoming new Sindhu Central University of Ladakh.[6][undue weight? – discuss]
History
edit
A fragmentary inscription at Khalatse carries the name 'Maharaja Uvima' which is attributed to the Kushan king, Vima Kadphises, who ruled in the 1st or early 2nd century CE.[7][8][9]
Lhachen Naglug (c. 1150-1175 CE), the king of Ladakh (then known as the Maryul kingdom), built a bridge across the Indus at the same site as the present bridge, and the Bragnag castle on the bank of the Indus, on the brook, about one mile (1.6 km) above the present village, to guard the bridge. It was built in competition with another bridge, the Babu Khar bridge, only three miles (4.8 km) away, and was clearly built to raise taxes from travellers. The castle is said to have been the first castle built in the country. The ruins of the castle and also the remains of extensive fields and watercourses are still visible. Lha chen Naglug also built the palace at Wanla.[10]
There are a number of ancient Dardic rock carvings nearby, including one of a Dard woman carrying a basket on her back, one of a man hunting antelopes, and some showing men with what appear to be flat hats, all costumes similar to the Dards of Da. In front of the ancient Dard castle at Khalatse is an inscription in an Indian language which probably dates from the period of Dard occupation.[11]
The German Moravian Church Mission, which opened in Leh in 1885 had a sub-station in Khalatse which remained open for the half a century prior to India's independence in 1947 and played a prominent role there with their medical and educational activities, but only made a few converts.[12]
At a cost of 750 crores, Khaltsi has been chosen as the location of the upcoming Central University in Ladakh. Its location was strategically chosen, being between the capitals of Kargil and Leh.[6]
Demographics
editEntering Khaltse by road from Srinagar, it is clear one is entering the heartland of Buddhism with its chortens or small stupas, mani stones and prayer flags. Upstream from Khalatse, and downstream on the right bank of the Indus, the people are almost all Buddhist. The ones downstream are mostly Brokpa or Dards.[14]
According to the 2011 census of India, Khaltse has 156 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 86.27%.[15]
| Total | Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 767 | 381 | 386 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 68 | 36 | 32 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 751 | 366 | 385 |
| Literates | 603 | 324 | 279 |
| Workers (all) | 381 | 202 | 179 |
| Main workers (total) | 378 | 202 | 176 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 42 | 22 | 20 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Main workers: Other | 332 | 179 | 153 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Non-workers | 386 | 179 | 207 |
Climate
edit| Climate data for Khalatse | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
23.5 (74.3) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.2 (17.2) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
0.2 (32.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
7.3 (45.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.9 (8.8) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
13.7 (56.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
1.5 (34.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 32 (1.3) |
33 (1.3) |
46 (1.8) |
23 (0.9) |
19 (0.7) |
7 (0.3) |
11 (0.4) |
11 (0.4) |
13 (0.5) |
7 (0.3) |
5 (0.2) |
17 (0.7) |
224 (8.8) |
| Source: Climate-data.com[16] | |||||||||||||
Because Khalatse is about 400 metres lower than Leh, two crops can be grown each year rather than only one. By the time crops are being sown at Leh in late May, they are already half-grown at Khalatse. The first crop – usually of grim (naked barley – Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f., which is an ancient form of domesticated barley with an easier to remove hull) – from which tsampa, the staple food in Ladakh, is made) is usually harvested by mid-July and then other crops such as buckwheat, turnips and other vegetables are planted.[17]
References
edit- ^ "Blockwise Village Amenity Directory" (PDF). Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- ^ Leh subdivision-blocks.
- ^ Schettler, Rolf & Margaret. (1981). Kashmir, Ladakh & Zanskar. Lonely Planet. South Yarra, Vic., Australia. ISBN 0-908086-21-0. pp. 102–103.
- ^ Rizvi 1996, p. 31.
- ^ Rizvi 1996, p. 96.
- ^ a b "Cabinet approves setting up central university in Ladakh". 23 July 2021.
- ^ Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, p. 36. Stanford University Press; ISBN 978-0-8047-0901-9.
- ^ Narain, A. K. (1990). "Indo-Europeans in Inner Asia", p. 164. In: (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Vol 1). Cambridge University Press. Editor: Denis Sinor. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
- ^ Bivar, A. D. H. (1993). "The History of Eastern Iran", p. 223. In: The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods, Part 1 of 2. Editor: E. Yarshater. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9.
- ^ Francke 1977, pp. 80, 92.
- ^ Francke 1977, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Rizvi 1996, p. 212.
- ^ Rizvi 1996, p. 23.
- ^ Rizvi 1996, p. 203.
- ^ a b "Leh district census". 2011 Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- ^ "Climate: Khalatse". Climate-data.com.
- ^ Rizvi 1996, p. 38.
Bibliography
edit- Francke, Rev. A. H. (1977) [1907], S. S. Gergan; F. M. Hassnain (eds.), A History of Western Tibet, Sterling Publishers – via archive.org
- Francke, A. H. (1914). Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.
- Schettler, Rolf & Margaret. (1981). Kashmir, Ladakh & Zanskar. Lonely Planet. South Yarra, Vic., Australia. ISBN 0-908086-21-0.
- Rizvi, Janet (1996), Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia (Second ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-564016-8 – via archive.org
External links
edit- Khalatse to Marol (via Suru Valley), OpenStreetMap, retrieved 15 January 2023.
- Kargil–Dha–Khalatse Indus Valley Road, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 15 January 2023.