Khasekhemwy

Khasekhemwy
Khasekhemwy
Khasekhemui, Cheneres
	Statue of Khasekhemwy, Ashmolean Museum
Pharaoh
Reign	18 years ca. 2690 BC
Predecessor	Sekhemib-Perenmaat or Seth-Peribsen
Successor	Djoser
Horus name
Horus name
Nebty name
Consort	Nimaathap, Menka (?)
Children	Djoser; Hetephernebti; Sekhemkhet ?; Sanakht ?; Shepset-ipet ?
Died	2686 BC
Burial	Tomb V at Umm el-Qa'ab
Monuments	Shunet ez Zebib, fort of Nekhen, Gisr el-Mudir ?
Dynasty	2nd Dynasty

Khasekhemwy (ca. 2690 BC; Ḫꜥj-sḫm.wj, also rendered Kha-sekhemui) was the last Pharaoh of the Second Dynasty of Egypt. Little is known about him, other than that he led several significant military campaigns and built the mudbrick fort known as Shunet El Zebib.

His Horus name Ḫꜥj-sḫm.wj can be interpreted "The Two Powerful Ones Appear",^[3] but the name is recorded in many variants, such as Ḥr-Ḫꜥj-sḫm (Horus, he whose power appears), ḫꜥj sḫm.wj ḥtp nṯrwj jm=f (the two powers appear in that the ancestors rest within him) (etc.)^[4]^[a]

Date of reign

Khasekhemwy ruled for close to 18 years, with a floruit in the early 27th century BC. The exact date of his reign in Egyptian chronology is unclear but would fall roughly in between 2690–2670 BC.

According to Toby Wilkinson's study of the Palermo Stone in Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, this near contemporary 5th dynasty document assigns Khasekhemwy a reign of 17.5 or nearly 18 full years.^[5] Wilkinson suggests that a reign of 18 "complete or partial years" can be attributed to Khasekhemwy since the Palermo Stone and its associated fragments record Years 3-6 and Years 12-18 of this king and notes that his final year is recorded in the preserved section of the document.^[6] Since the cattle count is shown to be regularly biennial during the second dynasty from the Palermo Stone (the year of the 6th, 7th and 8th count is preserved on the document plus full years after these counts respectively), a figure of c. 18 years is likely correct for Khasekhemwy. (or c. 18 years 2 months and 23 days from the main fragment of the Palermo Stone)

Biography

Khasekhemwy is normally placed as the successor of Seth-Peribsen, though some Egyptologists believe that another Pharaoh, Khasekhem, ruled between them. Most scholars, however, believe Khasekhem and Khasekhemwy are, in fact, the same person.^[7] Khasekhem may have changed his name to Khasekhemwy after he reunited Upper and Lower Egypt after a civil war between the followers of the gods Horus and Set. Others believe he defeated the reigning king, Seth-Peribsen, after returning to Egypt from putting down a revolt in Nubia. Either way, he ended the infighting of the Second dynasty and reunited Egypt.

Khasekhemwy is unique in Egyptian history as having both the symbols of Horus and Set on his serekh. Some Egyptologists believe that this was an attempt to unify the two factions; but after his death, Set was dropped from the serekh permanently. He was the earliest Egyptian king known to have built statues of himself.

Shunet El Zebib

Khasekhemwy's enclosure in Abydos. Circa 2700 BCE

Khasekhemwy apparently undertook considerable building projects upon the reunification of Egypt. He built in stone at el-Kab, Hierakonpolis, and Abydos.

Khasekhemwy built enclosures at Nekhen, and at Abydos (now known as Shunet ez Zebib) and was buried there in the necropolis at Umm el-Qa'ab. He may also have built the Gisr el-Mudir at Saqqara.

An inscription on a stone vase records him “fighting the northern enemy within Nekheb”. This means that Lower Egypt may have invaded and almost taken the capital of Nekhen.^[8]

Family

Khasekhemwy's wife was Queen Nimaathap, mother of the King's Children. They were the parents of Djoser and Djoser's wife Hetephernebti.^[9] It is also possible that Khasekhemwy's sons were Sekhemkhet and Sanakhte, the two kings succeeding Djoser.^[10]^[11]

Nimaathap was a northern princess who he titled “King bearing mother”^[8]

Tomb

He apparently built a unique, as well as huge, tomb at Abydos, the last such royal tomb built in the Umm el-Qa'ab necropolis (Tomb V). The trapezoidal tomb measures some 70 meters (230 ft) in length and is 17 meters (56 ft) wide at its northern end, and 10 meters (33 ft) wide at its southern end. This area was divided into 58 rooms. Prior to some recent discoveries from the 1st dynasty, its central burial chamber was considered the oldest masonry structure in the world, being built of quarried limestone. Here, the excavators discovered the king's scepter of gold and sard, as well as several beautifully made small stone pots with gold leaf lid coverings, apparently missed by earlier tomb robbers. In fact, Petrie detailed a number of items removed during the excavations of Amélineau. Other items included flint tools, as well as a variety of copper tools and vessels, stone vessels and pottery vessels filled with grain and fruit. There were also small, glazed objects, carnelian beads, model tools, basketwork and a large quantity of seals.

Limestone vessel with gold cover from Khasekhemwy's tomb
Statue of Khasekhemwy, Ashmolean Museum
Khasekhemwy's tomb at Umm el-Qa'ab filled with sand
Statue of Khasekhemwy, Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Stone vase bearing Khasekhemwy's titles, National Archaeological Museum (France)
Flint knife. Second Dynasty, about 2700 BC. From the tomb of Khasekhemwy, Abydos. Given by the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1901. EA 68775 (British Museum)
Khasekhemwy in the Ashmolean Museum
Statue of Khasekhemwy, Gallery 48, Ground Floor, Egyptian Museum in Cairo

Bibliography

Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and Its Associated Fragments, (Kegan Paul International), 2000.
Egypt: Khasekhem/Khasekhemwy of Egypt's 2nd dynasty

Notes

^ the "=" sign is used to notate suffixes. Alternatively, "." sign can be used.

References

^ Alan H. Gardiner: The royal canon of Turin.
^ Khasekhemwy's fort Archived 2012-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson Ltd, 2006 paperback, p. 26
^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999).
^ Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, (Columbia University Press:2000 - ISBN 0-7103-0667-9), p. 258
^ Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, (Columbia University Press:2000 - ISBN 0-7103-0667-9), pp. 78–79 & 258
^ King Khasekhem Archived 2006-09-01 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b "Khasekhemwy | Ancient Egypt Online". Retrieved 2021-10-07.
^ Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., p. 48
^ Silke Roth: Die Königsmütter des Alten Ägypten von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende der 12. Dynastie (= Ägypten und Altes Testament, vol. 46). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2001, ISBN 3-447-04368-7, p. 59-61 & 65–67.
^ Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London 2001, ISBN 0415260116, p. 80 - 82, 94 - 97.

[5] the "=" sign is used to notate suffixes. Alternatively, "." sign can be used.

[1] Alan H. Gardiner: The royal canon of Turin.

[2] Khasekhemwy's fort Archived 2012-09-03 at the Wayback Machine

[3] Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson Ltd, 2006 paperback, p. 26

[4] Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999).

[6] Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, (Columbia University Press:2000 - ISBN 0-7103-0667-9), p. 258

[7] Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, (Columbia University Press:2000 - ISBN 0-7103-0667-9), pp. 78–79 & 258

[8] King Khasekhem Archived 2006-09-01 at the Wayback Machine

[:0-9] "Khasekhemwy | Ancient Egypt Online". Retrieved 2021-10-07.

[10] Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., p. 48

[siro-11] Silke Roth: Die Königsmütter des Alten Ägypten von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende der 12. Dynastie (= Ägypten und Altes Testament, vol. 46). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2001, ISBN 3-447-04368-7, p. 59-61 & 65–67.

[towi-12] Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London 2001, ISBN 0415260116, p. 80 - 82, 94 - 97.

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