Khosrow Sofla was a village in the Arghandab District of Kandahar Province in southern Afghanistan that was demolished by the United States Army in October and November 2010. After experiencing high casualties resulting from firefights and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) outside the village, Lieutenant Colonel David S. Flynn of the American 1-320th field artillery, a part of the 101st Airborne Division, ordered villagers to evacuate Khosrow Sofla, Khosrow Ulya, Tarok Kolache, and Lower Babur and used aerial bombardment to partially or wholly destroy the villages.
Background
edit
In 2010, American President Barack Obama's policy of "troop surge" brought an additional 30,000 American soldiers to Afghanistan, and led to a more than two-fold increase in airstrikes, Predator drone strikes, insurgent casualties, and a six-fold increase in special forces operations.[1][2][3][4] American military officials decided to follow their widely publicized offensive in Marja, Helmand Province, with an effort to seize territories in adjacent Kandahar Province.[5] American forces dubbed their offensive "Operation Dragon Strike," and referred to Kandahar as "The Heart of Darkness" because of resistance to American and NATO presence there.[5]
Following substantial military engagements between U.S. Army and Afghan Taliban forces outside Khosrow Sofla in the summer and fall of 2010, villagers were ordered by American military officials to defuse IEDs in the village before 28 October, or have the village destroyed.[citation needed]
During interviews after the destruction of the Khosrow Sofla and other villages, villagers stated that they had agreed with local Taliban upon what paths and hours of the day would be safe for travel.[6]
Destruction
editIn mid-November 2010, Arghandab District governor Shah Muhammed Ahmadi reported that every one of Khosrow Sofla's 40 homes had been destroyed by 25 missiles.[7] Ahmadi also said that the destruction of 120-130 homes in his district had been agreed upon by their occupants, and listed 6 other villages that were destroyed "to make them safe."[7] The New York Times reported that hundreds or thousands of homes and farms throughout Kandahar were destroyed in late 2010 "using armored bulldozers, high explosives, missiles and even airstrikes."[8] The Zhari and Panjwayi Districts in Kandahar were also the site of home demolitions, where American forces often built roads through houses and farms in order to bypass IEDs.[8][9] According to journalists embedded with the American army, American forces have used an "impressive"[7] array of methods to "not only to demolish homes, but also to eliminate tree lines where insurgents could hide, blow up outbuildings, flatten agricultural walls, and carve new "military roads."[7]
Mine-clearing line charges and HIMARS artillery rocket systems were also used extensively to destroy houses.[7]
Reactions and controversy
editThe offensive in Kandahar and associated home and farm demolitions were opposed by local leaders, and caused resentment among Afghans who fled the offensive or remained in their villages.[6][9] Other tactics causing anger among local people included night raids and mass arrests in villages from which American forces received small arms fire.[9] Brigadier General Nick Carter, British commander of US-NATO troops in southern Afghanistan, supported the demolitions policy, as did American Lt. Gen. James L. Terry and general David Petraeus, who argued that the policy was forced on NATO by the Taliban.[10][11]
The scale of destruction in Khosrow Sofla has been contested, with one article from The New York Times reporting that "only 10 compounds and orchards were damaged."[12] The New York Times has also maintained that most houses and compounds destroyed were previously abandoned.[7][8] These claims have been contested by other journalists,[10][13] photographs,[14][15] villagers,[6] and by reports of evictions prior to, and damage claims following village demolitions.[16][17]
Villagers interviewed by Inter Press Service stated that they had left their homes anticipating the American offensive, but returned to tend to them regularly in coordination with the Taliban.[6] Villagers also rejected claims by the American military and some American media services that their villages were saturated with IEDs.[6]
Spencer Ackerman of Wired Magazine reported that the local leader or malek of Khosrow Sofla was assassinated by the Taliban after the village's destruction.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Miller, Greg (20 September 2009). "CIA expanding presence in Afghanistan". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
- ^ Tony Capaccio (31 January 2011). "U.S. Said to Reduce Civilian Deaths After Increasing CIA Pakistan Strikes". Bloomberg. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ^ Eric Schmitt (26 December 2010). "Taliban Fighters Appear Blunted in Afghanistan". The New York Times. Washington. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ^ Adam Levine (15 October 2010). "What the numbers say about progress in Afghanistan". CNN. Political Ticker blog. Washington. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ^ a b Hastings, Deborah (27 September 2010). "Operation Dragon Strike: Battle for Kandahar Begins". AOL News. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Noori, Shah; Porter, Gareth (2 March 2011). "Kabul: Afghan villagers dispute U.S. Rationale for bombing". The Madison Times. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Norland, Rod; Shah, Taimoor (16 November 2010). "NATO is Razing Booby-Trapped Afghan Homes". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c Bangert, Christoph (16 November 2010). "Destroying to Save Lives". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ a b c Porter, Gareth (21 December 2010). "Kandahar gains come with "brutal" tactics". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Ackerman, Spencer (1 February 2011). "'Why I Flattened Three Afghan Villages'". Wired. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ Ackerman, Spencer (20 January 2011). "Petaeus Team: Taliban Made Us Wipe Village Out". Wired Magazine.
- ^ Gall, Carlotta; Khapalwak, Ruhullah (11 March 2011). "Winning Hearts While Flattening Vineyards Is Rather Tricky". The New York Times.
- ^ Faust, Joshua (19 February 2011). "Paula Broadwell's Dishonest Portrayal of Tarok Kolache". Registan. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
- ^ Strong, Bob (15 April 2011). "Signs of progress in southern Afghanistan". The Washington Post. Reuters.
Workers begin construction on a new home in Khosrow Sofla in the Arghandab valley, north of Kandahar. The village was destroyed by U.S. aircraft in October, after U.S. Army commanders determined it was being used as a base of operations by Taliban fighters. The U.S. government is paying for the rebuilding of this village and two others hit by airstrikes.
- ^ Strong, Bob, "Piles of rubble remain after last year's U.S. bomb strike on the village of Khosrow Sofla in the Arghandab Valley, north of Kandahar April 11, 2011. After determining that the village was being used as a Taliban base for producing homemade explosive materials and was devoid of civilian population, U.S. war planes destroyed most of the buildings in Khosrow Sofla on October 6, 2010, a U.S. Army official said." [dead link]Reuters and Salem News Network, 11 April 2011.
- ^ King, Laura (6 March 2011). "U.S. rebuilds Afghan village it destroyed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ Becker, Brian (19 November 2010). "Pentagon blows up thousands of homes in Afghanistan Repeating the horrors of the Vietnam War". Uruknet. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
External links
edit- Traub, James: Afghanistan's Civic War. The New York Times, 15 June 2010.
- Lieutenant Colonel David S. Flynn's account of the destruction of Tarok Kolache: "I Acted After a Great Deal of Deliberative Planning." Thomas Rick's Foreign Policy Blog, 24 January 2011.