Ban Ki-moon

(Redirected from Ki-moon Ban)

Ban Ki-moon (Korean반기문; [pan.ɡi.mun]; born 13 June 1944) is a South Korean politician and diplomat who served as the eighth secretary-general of the United Nations between 2007 and 2016. Prior to his appointment as secretary-general, Ban was the South Korean minister of foreign affairs and trade between 2004 and 2006. Ban was initially considered to be a long shot for the office of Secretary-General of the United Nations; he began to campaign for the office in February 2006. As the foreign minister of South Korea, he was able to travel to all the countries on the United Nations Security Council, a manoeuvre that subsequently turned him into the campaign's front-runner.

Ban Ki-moon
반기문
Ban in 2016
8th Secretary-General of the United Nations
In office
1 January 2007 – 31 December 2016
Deputy
Preceded byKofi Annan
Succeeded byAntónio Guterres
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade
In office
17 January 2004 – 1 December 2006
PresidentRoh Moo-hyun
Preceded byYoon Young-kwan
Succeeded bySong Min-soon
Personal details
Born (1944-06-13) 13 June 1944 (age 80)
Insei, Chūseihoku-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan
Political partyIndependent
Spouse
Yoo Soon-taek
(m. 1971)
Children3
Education
Signature
Korean name
Hangul
반기문
Hanja
潘基文
Revised RomanizationBan Gimun
McCune–ReischauerPan Kimun
IPA[panɡimun]

On 13 October 2006, Ban was elected as the eighth secretary-general by the United Nations General Assembly. On 1 January 2007, he succeeded Kofi Annan. As secretary-general, he was responsible for several major reforms on peacekeeping and UN employment practices around the world. Diplomatically, Ban has taken particularly strong views on global warming, pressing the issue repeatedly with U.S. President George W. Bush, and on the Darfur conflict, where he helped persuade Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir to allow peacekeeping troops to enter Sudan.[1][2] Ban was named the world's 32nd most powerful person by the Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People in 2013, the highest among South Koreans.[3] In 2014, he was named the third most powerful South Korean after Lee Kun-hee and Lee Jae-yong.[4] In 2016, Foreign Policy named Ban one of the Top 100 Global Thinkers for his achievement of helping the Paris Agreement to be ratified and enforced less than a year after it was adopted.[5]

António Guterres was appointed by the General Assembly on 13 October 2016 to be the successor of Ban Ki-moon as he exited on 31 December 2016.[6] He was widely considered to be a potential candidate for the 2017 South Korean presidential election,[7] before announcing, on 1 February, that he would not be running.[8] On 14 September 2017, Ban was elected chair of the International Olympic Committee's Ethics Commission.[9] Also in 2017, Ban co-founded the nonprofit Ban Ki-moon Centre for Global Citizens. He also currently serves as the Distinguished Chair Professor at Yonsei University's Institute for Global Engagement and Empowerment.[10]

On 20 February 2018, Ban was unanimously elected as the President of the Assembly and Chair of the Council by all members of the Assembly and Council, respectively, the two governance organs of the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), a treaty-based international, inter-governmental organization dedicated to supporting and promoting environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive economic growth in developing countries and emerging economies. Since Ban's election as the President and Chair, GGGI's list of Member States has expanded from 27 to 48 Member Countries and Regional Integration Organizations. On 16 October 2018, the Global Commission on Adaptation was launched with Ban as co-chair, together with Bill Gates and Kristalina Georgieva.[11] The commission's mandate to accelerate adaptation by elevating the political visibility of adaptation and focusing on concrete solutions came to an end following its Year of Action in 2020, with its work showcased at the Climate Adaptation Summit hosted by the Netherlands on 25 January 2021.[12] Ban currently serves as co-chair for the Global Center on Adaptation,[13] which is taking forward the commission's work through its programs.[14] He became the first major international diplomat to throw his weight behind the Green New Deal, a nascent effort by the progressive wing of the Democratic Party in the United States to zero out planet-warming emissions and end poverty over the next decade.[15]

Early life and education

edit

Ban was born on 13 June 1944 in the small farming village of Haengchi, Wonnam Township (-myeon), in Insei, Chūseihoku-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan[16] (now North Chungcheong Province, South Korea).[17][18] He is of the Gwangju Ban clan [ko].[19][unreliable source?] His family then moved to the nearby town of Chungju, where he grew up.[20] During Ban's childhood, his father had a warehouse business, but the warehouse went bankrupt and the family lost its middle-class standard of living. When Ban was six, his family fled to a remote mountainside for much of the Korean War.[18] After the war ended, his family returned to Chungju. Ban has said that, during this time, he met American soldiers.[21]

During his secondary school education at Chungju High School, Ban was part of the local Scout movement[22] while he also became a star student, particularly in his studies of the English language. In 1962, Ban won an essay contest sponsored by the Red Cross and earned a trip to the United States where he lived in San Francisco with a host family for several months.[23] As part of the trip, Ban met U.S. President John F. Kennedy.[18] When a journalist at the meeting asked Ban what he wanted to be when he grew up, he said, "I want to become a diplomat."[21]

Ban graduated from Seoul National University in 1970 with a bachelor's degree in international relations. He subsequently went on to complete a Master of Public Administration degree at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 1985.[21] At Harvard, he studied under Joseph Nye, who remarked that Ban had "a rare combination of analytic clarity, humility and perseverance".[23]

In addition to his native Korean, Ban speaks English and French. According to a retired UN official, "one of Ban's biggest handicaps was his lack of fluency in English, which made it difficult for him to win over audiences in the US and elsewhere."[24] There have also been questions, however, regarding the extent of his knowledge of French, one of the two working languages of the United Nations Secretariat.[25]

Career

edit

Diplomatic career

edit
Ban, left, with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in January 2006
Left to right: Peter Krämer, Yoo Soon-taek, Jaka Bizilj, and Ban at Sports for Peace in July 2010

After graduating from university, Ban received the top score on Korea's foreign service exam. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in May 1970 and worked his way up the career ladder during the years of the Yusin Constitution.[23]

Ban's first overseas posting was to New Delhi, India, where he served as vice consul and impressed many of his superiors in the foreign ministry with his competence. Ban reportedly accepted a posting to India rather than the United States, because in India he would be able to save more money to send to his family.[26][27] In 1974 he received his first posting to the United Nations, as First Secretary of the South Permanent Observer Mission (South Korea became a full UN member-state on 17 September 1991).[28] After Park Chung Hee's 1979 assassination, Ban assumed the post of Director of the United Nations Division.

In 1980, Ban became director of the United Nations' International Organizations and Treaties Bureau, headquartered in Seoul.[27] He has been posted twice to the South Korean embassy in Washington, D. C. Between these two assignments he served as Director-General for American Affairs in 1990–92. In 1992, he became Vice Chairman of the South-North Joint Nuclear Control Commission, following the adoption by South and North Korea of the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.[26] From 1993 to 1994 Ban was Korea's deputy ambassador to the United States. He was promoted to the position of Deputy Minister for Policy Planning and International Organizations in 1995 and then appointed National Security Advisor to the President in 1996.[27] Ban's lengthy career overseas has been credited with helping him avoid South Korea's unforgiving political environment.[29]

Ban was appointed Ambassador to Austria and Slovenia in 1998, and a year later he was also elected as Chairman of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO PrepCom). During the negotiations, in what Ban considers the biggest blunder of his career, he included in a public letter a positive statement about the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2001, not long after the United States had decided to abandon the treaty. To avoid anger from the United States, Ban was fired by President Kim Dae-jung, who also issued a public apology for Ban's statement.[18]

Ban was unemployed for the only time in his career and was expecting to receive an assignment to work in a remote and unimportant embassy.[18] In 2001, during the 56th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, South Korea held the rotating presidency, and to Ban's surprise, he was selected to be the chief of staff to general assembly president Han Seung-soo.[30] In 2003, incoming president Roh Moo-hyun selected Ban as one of his foreign policy advisors.[27]

Foreign minister of South Korea

edit

In 2004, Ban replaced the resigning Yoon Young-kwan as foreign minister of South Korea under president Roh Moo-hyun.[21] At the beginning of his term, Ban was faced with two major crises: in June 2004 Kim Sun-il, a South Korean working as an Arabic translator, was kidnapped and killed in Iraq by Islamic extremists; and in December 2004 dozens of Koreans died in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Ban survived scrutiny from lawmakers and saw an upturn in his popularity when talks began with North Korea.[27] Ban became actively involved in issues relating to North-South Korean relationships.[26] In September 2005, as foreign minister, he played a leading role in the diplomatic efforts to adopt the Joint Statement on resolving the North Korean nuclear issue at the fourth round of the Six-party talks held in Beijing.[31][32]

As foreign minister, Ban oversaw the trade and aid policies of South Korea. This work put Ban in the position of signing trade deals and delivering foreign assistance to diplomats who would later be influential in his candidacy for secretary-general. For example, Ban became the first senior South Korean minister to travel to the Republic of the Congo since its independence in 1960.[33]

United Nations career

edit

Campaign for secretary-general: 2007

edit
2007 Secretary-General candidates[34]
Nationality Name Position
  Ban Ki-moon South Korean foreign minister
  Shashi Tharoor Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations for public information; from India
  Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga President of Latvia
  Ashraf Ghani Chancellor of Kabul University, Afghanistan
  Surakiart Sathirathai Deputy prime minister of Thailand
  Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad Jordan's ambassador to the United Nations
  Jayantha Dhanapala Former Under-Secretary-General for disarmament; from Sri Lanka

In February 2006, Ban declared his candidacy to replace Kofi Annan as UN Secretary-General at the end of 2006, becoming the first South Korean to run for the office.[35] Though Ban was the first to announce a candidacy, he was not originally considered a serious contender.[23]

Over the next eight months, Ban made ministerial visits to each of the 15 countries with a seat on the Security Council.[21] Of the seven candidates, he topped each of the four straw polls conducted by the United Nations Security Council: on 24 July,[36] 14 September,[37] 28 September,[38] and 2 October.[39]

During the period in which these polls took place, Ban made major speeches to the Asia Society and the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City.[40][41] To be confirmed, Ban needed not only to win the support of the diplomatic community, but also to be able to avoid a veto from any of the five permanent members of the council: People's Republic of China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Ban was popular in Washington for having pushed to send South Korean troops to Iraq, and had the support of the Bush administration as he pursued the position.[42] But Ban also opposed several U.S. positions: he expressed his support for the International Criminal Court and favoured an entirely non-confrontational approach to dealing with North Korea.[21] Ban said during his campaign that he would like to visit North Korea in person to meet with Kim Jong Il directly.[32] Ban was viewed as a stark contrast from Kofi Annan, who was considered charismatic, but perceived as a weak manager because of problems surrounding the UN's oil-for-food program in Iraq.[43]

Ban struggled to win the approval of France. His official biography states that he speaks both English and French, the two working languages of the UN Secretariat. However, he has repeatedly struggled to answer questions in French from journalists.[25] Ban has repeatedly acknowledged his limitations at French, but assured French diplomats that he was devoted to continuing his study. At a press conference on 11 January 2007, Ban remarked, "My French perhaps could be improved, and I am continuing to work. I have taken French lessons over the last few months. I think that, even if my French isn't perfect, I will continue to study it."[44]

As the secretary-general election drew closer, there was rising criticism of the South Korean campaign on Ban's behalf. Specifically, his alleged practice of systematically visiting all member states of the Security Council in his role as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade to secure votes in his support by signing trade deals with European countries and pledging aid to developing countries was the focus of many news articles.[45] According to The Washington Post, "rivals have privately grumbled that Republic of Korea, which has the world's 11th-largest economy, has wielded its economic might to generate support for his candidacy". Ban reportedly said that these insinuations were "groundless". In an interview on 17 September 2006 he stated: "As front-runner, I know that I can become a target of this very scrutinizing process", and that he was "a man of integrity".[46]

In the final informal poll on 2 October, Ban received fourteen favourable votes and one abstention ("no opinion") from the fifteen members of the Security Council. The one abstention came from the Japanese delegation, who vehemently opposed the idea of a Korean taking the role of secretary-general. Due to the overwhelming support of Ban by the rest of the Security Council, Japan later voted in favor of Ban to avoid controversy. More importantly, Ban was the only one to escape a veto; each of the other candidates received at least one "no" vote from among the five permanent members. After the vote, Shashi Tharoor, who finished second, withdrew his candidacy[47] and China's Permanent Representative to the UN told reporters that "it is quite clear from today's straw poll that Minister Ban Ki-moon is the candidate that the Security Council will recommend to the General Assembly".[48]

On 9 October, the Security Council formally chose Ban as its nominee. In the public vote, he was supported by all 15 members of the council.[49] On 13 October, the 192-member General Assembly acclaimed Ban as secretary-general.[30]

First term as secretary-general

edit
 
Ban Ki-moon with the President of Russia Vladimir Putin in Moscow in April 2008
 
Ban Ki-moon at Davos, Switzerland in the World Economic Forum.

When Ban became secretary-general, The Economist listed the major challenges facing him in 2007: "rising nuclear demons in Iran and North Korea, a haemorrhaging wound in Darfur, unending violence in the Middle East, looming environmental disaster, escalating international terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the spread of HIV/AIDS. And then the more parochial concerns, such as the largely unfinished business of the most sweeping attempt at reform in the UN's history".[50] Before starting, Kofi Annan shared the story that when the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie left office, he told his successor, Dag Hammarskjöld, "You are about to take over the most impossible job on earth".[30]

On 23 January 2007, Ban took office as the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations. Ban's term as Secretary-General opened with a flap. At his first encounter with the press as Secretary-General on 2 January 2007, he refused to condemn the death penalty imposed on Saddam Hussein by the Iraqi High Tribunal, remarking, "The issue of capital punishment is for each and every member State to decide".[51] Ban's statements contradicted long-standing United Nations opposition to the death penalty as a human-rights concern.[52] He quickly clarified his stance in the case of Barzan al-Tikriti and Awad al-Bandar, two top officials who were convicted of the deaths of 148 Shia Muslims in the Iraqi village of Dujail in the 1980s. In a statement through his spokesperson on 6 January, he "strongly urged the Government of Iraq to grant a stay of execution to those whose death sentences may be carried out in the near future".[53][54] On the broader issue, he told a Washington, D.C. audience on 16 January 2007 that he recognized and encouraged the "growing trend in international society, international law and domestic policies and practices to phase out eventually the death penalty".[55]

On the tenth anniversary of Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot's death, 15 April 2008, Ban Ki-moon appealed for the senior leaders of the regime to be brought to justice. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia-tribunal, which was established by both the United Nations and Cambodia and which became operational in 2006[citation needed], is responsible for prosecuting the aforementioned senior leaders.[56]

Ban has received strong criticism from the UN Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), which stated that the secretariat under Ban's leadership was "drifting into irrelevance".[57]

Cabinet
edit

In early January, Ban appointed the key members of his cabinet. As his Deputy Secretary-General, he selected Tanzanian foreign minister and professor Asha-Rose Migiro, a move that pleased African diplomats who had concerns about losing power without Annan in office.[58]

The top position devoted exclusively to management, Under-Secretary-General for Management, was filled by Alicia Bárcena Ibarra of Mexico. Bárcena was considered a UN insider, having previously served as Annan's chief of staff. Her appointment was seen by critics as an indication that Ban would not make dramatic changes to UN bureaucracy.[59] Ban appointed Sir John Holmes, the British Ambassador to France, as Under-Secretary-General for humanitarian affairs and coordinator of emergency relief.[59]

Ban initially said that he would delay making other appointments until his first round of reforms were approved, yet later abandoned this idea after receiving criticism.[53][60] In February he continued with appointments, selecting B. Lynn Pascoe, the U.S. ambassador to Indonesia, to become Under-Secretary-General for political affairs. Jean-Marie Guéhenno, a French diplomat, who had served as Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping operations under Annan, remained in office. Ban selected Vijay K. Nambiar as his chief of staff.[61] Nambiar later stepped down in 2012[62] and was replaced by Susana Malcorra of Argentina who served as chief of staff from April 2012 to November 2016.[63][64]

The appointment of many women to top jobs was seen as fulfilling a campaign promise Ban had made to increase the role of women in the United Nations. During Ban's first year as secretary-general, more top jobs were being handled by women than ever before. Though not appointed by Ban, the president of the General Assembly, Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa, is only the third woman to hold this position in United Nations history.[65]

Reform agenda
edit

During his first month in office, Ban proposed two major reforms: to split the UN peacekeeping operation into two departments and to combine the political affairs and disarmament department. His proposals were met with stiff resistance from members of the UN General Assembly who bristled at Ban's request for rapid approval. The proposed merger of the disarmament and political affairs offices was criticized by many in the developing world, partially because of rumours that Ban hoped to place American B. Lynn Pascoe in charge of the new office. Alejandro D. Wolff, then acting American ambassador, said the United States backed his proposals.[53][60]

 
Ban Ki-moon with Bill Gates, World Economic Forum, 24 January 2013

After the early bout of reproach, Ban began extensive consultation with UN ambassadors, agreeing to have his peacekeeping proposal extensively vetted. After the consultations, Ban dropped his proposal to combine political affairs and disarmament.[66] Ban nevertheless pressed ahead with reforms on job requirements at the UN requiring that all positions be considered five-year appointments, all receive strict annual performance reviews, and all financial disclosures be made public. Though unpopular in the New York office, the move was popular in other UN offices around the world and lauded by UN observers.[67] Ban's proposal to split the peacekeeping operation into one group handling operations and another handling arms was finally adopted in mid-March 2007.[68]

Key issues
edit

The Secretary-General of the United Nations has the ability to influence debate on nearly any global issue. Although unsuccessful in some areas, Ban's predecessor Annan had been successful in increasing the UN peacekeeping presence and in popularizing the Millennium Development Goals. UN observers were eager to see on which issues Ban intended to focus, in addition to his declared interest in reforming the United Nations bureaucracy.[50]

On several prominent issues, such as proliferation in Iran and North Korea, Ban has deferred to the Security Council.[68] In 2007, the Republic of Nauru raised the issue of allowing the Republic of China (Taiwan) to sign the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Ban referenced the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758, and refused the motion. On 19 July 2007, Taiwanese President Chen Shui-bian wrote to request admission into the UN by the name Taiwan. Ban rejected the request, stating that Resolution 2758 defined Taiwan as part of China.[69]

Global warming
edit
 
U.S. President George W. Bush talks with United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon of South Korea in October 2006. In their early meetings, Ban stressed the importance of confronting global warming.

Ban early on identified global warming as one of the key issues of his administration. In a White House meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush in January, Ban urged Bush to take steps to curb greenhouse gas emissions. On 1 March 2007 in a speech before the UN General Assembly, Ban emphasized his concerns about global warming. Ban stated, "For my generation, coming of age at the height of the Cold War, fear of nuclear winter seemed the leading existential threat on the horizon. But the danger posed by war to all humanity—and to our planet—is at least matched by climate change"[70] (referring to Global Warming, see P:GW portal). On 3 September 2009 he further emphasized his concerns at the World Climate Conference in Geneva, when he stated, "Our foot is stuck on the accelerator and we are heading towards an abyss".[71] In September 2014, Ban joined demonstrators in the People's Climate March in New York City,[72] and also called together world leaders for the UN Climate Summit,[73] in preparation for the United Nations Climate Change Conference to be held in Paris in late 2015.

Middle East
edit

On Thursday, 22 March 2007, while Ban was taking part in the first stop of a tour of the Middle East, a mortar attack hit just 80 meters (260 ft) from where the Secretary-General was standing, interrupting a press conference in Baghdad's Green Zone, and visibly shaking Ban and others. No one was hurt in the incident.[74] The United Nations had already limited its role in Iraq after its Baghdad headquarters was bombed in August 2003, killing 22 people. Ban said, however, that he still hoped to find a way for the United Nations to "do more for Iraqi social and political development".[75]

On his trip, Ban visited Egypt, Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia, where Ban attended a conference with leaders of the Arab League and met for several hours with Omar Hassan al-Bashir, the Sudanese president who had resisted UN peacekeepers in Darfur.[68] While Ban met with Mahmoud Abbas, the Palestinian president, he declined to meet with Ismail Haniyeh of Hamas.[76]

 
Ban with German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit, July 2008

Ban Ki-moon criticized Israel on 10 March 2008 for planning to build housing units in a West Bank settlement, saying the decision conflicts with "Israel's obligation under the road map" for Middle East peace.[77]

During a meeting of the UN Security Council on Wednesday, 7 January 2009, Ban called for an immediate end to fighting in the Gaza Strip. He criticized both sides, Israel for bombarding Gaza and Hamas for firing rockets into Israel.

Although the 2009 Iranian presidential election was widely disputed, Ban Ki-moon sent a traditional congratulation message[78] to the Iranian president upon his inauguration. He kept silent over the request of Shirin Ebadi to visit[79] Iran after the crackdown on peaceful post-election protests by the Iranian police, which was perceived as a crime against humanity.[80] More than 4,000 people were arrested and nearly 70 were killed, some while being held in prison.[81] In another incident, several prominent intellectuals, including Akbar Ganji, Hamid Dabashi and Noam Chomsky, went on a three-day hunger strike in front of the UN. The incident was followed by an official request by more than 200 intellectuals, human rights activists and reformist politicians in Iran for the UN reaction.[82] Ban Ki-moon however did not take any action to stop the violence in Iran.

 
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton with Ban Ki-Moon, 7 April 2011

The Libyan Civil War began in 2011, the last year of Ban's first term, and dominated his attention and public statements that year. Throughout the conflict, he lobbied for peaceful solutions to the crisis. He frequently spoke out against military action in Libya, believing that a diplomatic solution would be possible and preferable. However, he conceded that if then-leader Muammar Gaddafi refused to abide by a cease fire agreement, the international coalition of military forces would have no choice but to intervene to protect the human rights of Libyans.[83] The Gaddafi government was eventually overthrown and Gaddafi killed in the conflict.[84]

Darfur
edit

Ban took the first foreign trip of his term to attend the African Union summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in January 2007 as part of an effort to reach out to the Group of 77.[50] He repeatedly identified Darfur as the top humanitarian priority of his administration.[68] Ban played a large role, with several face-to-face meetings with Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, in convincing Sudan to allow UN peacekeepers to enter the Darfur region. On 31 July 2007, the United Nations Security Council approved sending 26,000 UN peacekeepers into the region to join 7,000 troops from the African Union. The resolution was heralded as a major breakthrough in confronting the Darfur conflict (although the United States labelled the conflict a "genocide", the United Nations has declined to do so). The first phase of the peacekeeping mission began in October 2007.[85]

Myanmar
edit

Ban Ki-moon flew to Myanmar on 25 May 2008 to guide a conference with international agencies aimed at boosting donations for the nation, which was struck by Cyclone Nargis on 2 May 2008. The conference was initiated after Ban had met with Than Shwe, the leading figure of Myanmar's government 23 May 2008. Ban toured the devastation—especially in the hard-hit Irrawaddy Delta—23 May 2008 and 24 May 2008. Myanmar officials agreed to allow the Yangon International Airport to be used as a logistical hub for aid distribution.[86]

Campaign for second term as secretary-general: 2011

edit

On 6 June 2011, Ban Ki-moon formally announced his candidacy for a second consecutive term as Secretary-General of the United Nations.[87] He announced his candidacy at a press conference, following a meeting with the Asian group of countries at the United Nations. Ban Ki-moon's first mandate as the Secretary-General was set to end on 31 December 2011.[88] The five permanent Security Council members supported his candidacy. There was no declared rival for the post.[89]

Second term as secretary-general

edit
 
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Ban Ki-moon, 11 January 2015
 
Ban with leaders of Russia, China, India, South Africa, Vietnam and Egypt during the Moscow Victory Day Parade, 9 May 2015
 
Ban Ki-moon, Chinese President Xi Jinping, and U.S. President Barack Obama in Hangzhou, China, 3 September 2016

On 17 June 2011, he received the recommendation of the Security Council by a unanimous vote,[90] and, on 21 June, his nomination was confirmed by a unanimous[91] acclamation vote at the United Nations General Assembly.[92] His new five-year term as Secretary-General commenced on 1 January 2012[93] and ended on 31 December 2016.[87]

Cabinet
edit

Ban appointed Swedish diplomat Jan Eliasson as his new Deputy Secretary-General on 2 March 2012. His Chief of Staff is Edmond Mulet of Guatemala. The appointments were part of Ban's commitment to replace top positions in his group for his second term.[94]

Key issues
edit

After beginning his second term in January 2012, Ban focused his public statements and speeches on peace and equality in the Middle East and on equality issues.

Middle East
edit

The aftermath of the Libyan Civil War and other events of the Arab Spring continued to command Ban's attention with the start of his second term. He focused in 2012 on what he termed "intolerance" in the Arab world. After travelling to Vienna to participate in the opening of the KAICIID Dialogue Centre to foster interreligious dialogue, Ban commented, "Many countries in the Arab world including Saudi Arabia are changing. Since the Arab Spring, the leaders have begun to listen to the voice of their people." He was however criticised in the Austrian press for associating himself with a project of Saudi King Abdullah, Saudi Arabia being a location of perceived religious intolerance.[95]

Throughout 2012, Ban expressed his concern about the continuing Israeli–Palestinian conflict, in particular the condition of the Palestinian hunger strikers in Israeli prisons[96] and the movement restrictions imposed on Gaza Strip residents.[95] On 30 August 2012 Ban criticized the Iranian leadership due to their statements regarding Israel's destruction and denying the Holocaust.[97] On 16 August 2013, Ban Ki-moon admitted that the UN was biased against Israel, stating in a meeting with Israeli students that there was a biased attitude towards the Israeli people and Israeli government at the UN. He described this as "an unfortunate situation."[98] A few days later, he backtracked on the utterance.[99] During an interview on 16 December 2016, Ban said that the UN has issued a "disproportionate volume of resolutions, reports and conferences criticizing Israel."[100]

On 26 January 2016, Ban made a statement in relation to the attacks by Palestinians against Israelis. Ban Ki-moon said that "as oppressed peoples have demonstrated throughout the ages, it is human nature to react to occupation, which often serves as a potent incubator of hate and extremism".[101] In rebuking Ban's statement, the Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu stated that "there is no justification for terror".[101]

Ban has criticized Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,[102] saying: "Grave violations against children increased dramatically as a result of the escalating conflict".[103] In June 2016, Ban Ki-moon removed a Saudi-led coalition from a list of children's rights violators.[104] He later admitted that Saudi Arabia threatened to cut Palestinian aid and funds to other UN programs if coalition was not removed from blacklist for killing children in Yemen. According to one source, there was also a threat of "clerics in Riyadh meeting to issue a fatwa against the UN, declaring it anti-Muslim, which would mean no contacts of OIC members, no relations, contributions, support, to any UN projects, programs".[105]

Ukraine
edit

On 26 June 2016, during a speech in Saint Petersburg, Russia, Ban said Russia "has a critical role to play" in addressing global issues "from ending the conflicts in Ukraine and Syria, to safeguarding human rights and controlling the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction". His comments were condemned by Ukraine's UN envoy Volodymyr Yelchenko, saying that he does not understand how the UN chief "can say such things which sort of praise the role of Russia in settling the conflict in Ukraine when the Russian Federation is the main player in aggressing Ukraine and in keeping this conflict boiling". He also noted that Russia is being accused of human rights abuses in Crimea and is "building up the nuclear potential" on the peninsula.[106]

LGBT rights
edit

On 7 March 2012, Ban delivered a speech titled "The Time Has Come" to the United Nations Human Rights Council urging the council to place greater emphasis on combating homophobia and promoting LGBT rights around the world.[107] The speech was met by a protest by a group of delegates, who organized a walk-out protest during the speech.[108]

During a speech at the UN headquarters commemorating Human Rights Day, Ban condemned countries with anti-gay laws, mentioning 76 countries that criminalize homosexuality. He said:

"It is an outrage that in our modern world, so many countries continue to criminalize people simply for loving another human being of the same sex."

Ban has told senior managers that homophobia will not be tolerated. He pointed to countries such as Ukraine which has proposed criminalizing public discussion about homosexuality as threatening basic human rights. He further stated that governments have a duty to defend vulnerable minorities.[109] In April 2013, he described LGBT rights as one of the great neglected human rights of our time. He also said that religion, culture or tradition can never justify denial of basic rights.[110]

Syrian conflict
edit

Ban has been organizing and moderating the Geneva II Conference on Syria.[111]

Humanitarian action
edit

On 25 January 2012, Ban announced that he would convene the world's first summit on humanitarian aid in order to "share knowledge and establish common best practices."[112] Known as the World Humanitarian Summit, the event took place in the 23–24 May 2016 in Istanbul, Turkey. In preparation for the summit, Ban released a report on 9 February 2016 titled 'One Humanity, Shared Responsibility' in which he laid out an "Agenda for Humanity" based on consultations with more than 23,000 people in 153 countries.[113] The Agenda for Humanity outlines what is needed to reform humanitarian action, including political leadership to prevent and end conflict, new forms of financing, and a shift from providing aid to ending need. The summit is scheduled to include 5,000 participants, including representatives from governments, NGOs, civil society organizations, and the private sector, as well as individuals affected by humanitarian crises.[114]

Criticism as UN secretary-general

edit

According to The Washington Post, "some UN employees and delegates" expressed resentment at Ban's perceived favouritism in the appointment of South Korean nationals in key posts. Previous UN chiefs such as Kurt Waldheim (Austria), Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru), and Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt) brought small teams of trusted aides or clerical workers from their country's Foreign Ministry, and South Korean nationals have been historically underrepresented at the United Nations.[115] Nonetheless, according to "some officials" in the Post story, Ban had allegedly gone further, boosting South Korea's presence in UN ranks by more than 20 percent during his first year in office. In response, Ban and his aides stated that the allegations of favouritism are wrong and that some of the harshest criticisms against him have undercurrents of racism.[115] He said that the South Korean nationals he had appointed—including Choi Young-jin, who had already served as a high-ranking official in the United Nations' peacekeeping department—are highly qualified for their positions. Others such as Donald P. Gregg, a former U.S. ambassador to South Korea, said that the complaints were driven by envy: "I think being from South Korea, and people have growing respect for South Korea, that's a great enhancement for the secretary general. If he brings along talented people who he knows very well, I think that's also a plus." UN records show that South Korea, the organization's eleventh-largest financial contributor, had only 54 South Korean nationals assigned to its mission six months before Ban took over the top UN post. By contrast, the Philippines, a significantly poorer country, had 759 nationals in its mission.[115]

Former UN Under Secretary General for Oversight Services Inga-Britt Ahlenius denounced Ban Ki-moon after resigning her post in 2010, calling him "reprehensible".[115] Ahlenius claimed that the Secretary-General made efforts to undermine the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) mandate and challenge its operational independence.[116] In particular, the two disputed Ahlenius's plans to hire a former prosecutor, Robert Appleton, who had carried out investigations into corruption in UN peacekeeping missions from 2006 to 2009.[117] Ban's staff explained that Appleton's appointment was rejected because Ahlenius had not properly considered female candidates for the appointment, and said that the final selection should have been made by Ban, not Ahlenius.[117] Ahlenius claimed in her End of Assignment memo that "for the Secretary-General to control appointments in OIOS is an infringement of the operational independence of OIOS".[118] Ban's chief of staff Vijay Nambiar described Ahlenius's complaints as "a deeply unbalanced account", and also stated that "many pertinent facts were overlooked or misrepresented" in Ahlenius's memo. Nambiar further noted that Ban "fully recognizes the operational independence of OIOS, [but that] does not excuse [Ahlenius] from applying the standard rules of recruitment".[115]

American diplomat James Wasserstrom claimed that Ban attempted to limit the jurisdiction of the UN dispute tribunal following Wasserstrom's dismissal from his Kosovo post and lengthy appeals process.[119] Ban had refused to hand over confidential documents relating to the case to the UN personnel tribunal, despite repeated orders by the court to do so. In relation to another case, Ban was admonished by Judge Michael Adams for "willful disobedience" for again refusing to hand over key documents in an internal promotions dispute.[120]

In 2013, Ban was accused of undermining the collective bargaining rights of The Staff Coordinating Council, the union representing United Nations staff. Ban unilaterally eliminated the role of the union to negotiate on behalf of the employees and terminated talks when the union protested.[121]

Ban was named in a lawsuit challenging UN legal immunity on behalf of Haitians with cholera in the U.S. District Court of Manhattan. UN peacekeepers from Nepal are said to be the source of the 2010–13 Haiti cholera outbreak. Ban declared that the legal immunity of the United Nations before national courts should be upheld, but that this does not reduce the UN's moral responsibility to overcome Haiti's cholera epidemic.[122] In January 2015, Judge J. Paul Oetken dismissed the lawsuit, affirming UN immunity.[123] An appeal to Oetken's decision was submitted to the Court in May 2015.[124][125]

British magazine The Economist, in May 2016, called Ban "plodding, protocol-conscious and loth to stand up to the big powers" and "the dullest—and among the worst" secretaries-general.[126][127] Japanese diplomat Kiyotaka Akasaka defended Ban's understated presence as more quietly Confucian, stating that "[Ban's] behaviour has been like that of the wise man, the sage in Oriental philosophy".[128] One UN official claimed that while Ban would greet world leaders in their native language, he would then read directly from his talking points without small talk. The UN official opined, "Quiet diplomacy? He [Ban] displayed no skills for that."[7] South African lawyer Nicholas Haysom also defended Ban, saying that the news media "caricatured [Ban] as invisible when he made outspoken comments that the media then failed to report".[128]

2017 presidential candidacy speculation

edit

Until the outbreak of the 2016 South Korean political scandal, Ban was the leading potential candidate for President of South Korea in 2017.[129] However, recent polls showed Moon Jae-in of the main opposition Minjoo Party of Korea in the lead with a support rating of 32.8 percent, while Ban trailed in distant second with 15.4 percent. Moon was eventually elected president on 10 May.[130] Although Ban repeatedly expressed his desires for running, a UN resolution in 1946 says "a Secretary-General should refrain from accepting" any Governmental position "at any rate immediately on retirement."[131][132] Exceptions to the rule have been made in history with the 1986 election of Kurt Waldheim to the post of President of Austria, although the position is ceremonial in nature.

Contrary to Ban's public comments hinting at any likely run, private reports indicated otherwise. Kim Jong-pil, former Prime Minister of South Korea, was reported to say that Ban Ki-moon would announce his candidacy for the presidency shortly after his term as Secretary-General ended.[133] Ban was originally predicted to run under the conservative Saenuri Party, but President Park Geun-hye's scandal cast doubts as to which party Ban would run under.[134]

Ban returned to South Korea on 13 January 2017.[135] On 1 February 2017 he announced he would not be a candidate for president.[136]

Post-U.N. work

edit
 

In 2017, Ban and Heinz Fischer, former president of Austria, founded, and are co-chairs of, the Ban Ki-moon Centre for Global Citizens in Vienna, Austria.[137] The nonprofit group's mission is to support youth and women, working within the UN's Sustainable Development Goal frameworks.[138]

In June 2017, Ban joined The Elders, a human rights group composed of international statesmen that was founded by Nelson Mandela.[139][140] In November 2018, he became a deputy chair of the group, serving jointly with Graça Machel.[141]

In 2017, he joined French President Emmanuel Macron in calling for a Global Pact for the Environment.[142]

In early 2018, Ban was elected to lead the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), a treaty-based intergovernmental organization. He has been unanimously re-elected to serve additional 2-year terms in the dual roles of the President of the Assembly and Chair of the Council, and his 4th term as President and Chair of GGGI will end on December 31, 2025.[143][144]

Ban supports the U.S. Democrats' Green New Deal.[145]

In 2020, Ban Ki-Moon was appointed as the Official Ambassador of the GEMS World Academy Model United Nations.[146]

Personal life

edit

Family

edit
 
Ban Ki-moon and his wife visit the ancient ruins of Carthage in Tunisia, 29 March 2016

Ban Ki-moon met Yoo Soon-taek in 1962 when they were both in high school. Ban was 18 years old, and Yoo Soon-taek was his secondary school's student council president. Ban Ki-moon married Yoo Soon-taek in 1971.

They have three adult children: two daughters and a son.[31] His elder daughter, Seon-yong, was born in 1972 and now works for the Korea Foundation in Seoul. Her spouse is a native of India.[147][148] His son Woo-hyun was born in 1974 in India.[147] He received an MBA from Anderson School of Management at University of California, Los Angeles, and works for an investment firm in New York.[149] His younger daughter, Hyun-hee (born 1976), is a field officer for UNICEF in Nairobi.[18]

After he was elected secretary-general, Ban became an icon in his hometown, where his extended family still resides. Over 50,000 gathered in a soccer stadium in Chungju to celebrate the result. In the months following his election, thousands of practitioners of geomancy went to his village to determine how it produced such an important person.[20] Ban himself is not a member of any church or religious group[150] and has declined to expound his beliefs: "Now, as Secretary-General, it will not be appropriate at this time to talk about my own belief in any particular religion or god. So maybe we will have some other time to talk about personal matters."[151] His mother is Buddhist.[20]

In January 2017, Ban's brother Ban Ki-sang and nephew Bahn Joo-hyun were indicted on charges that they had engaged in a scheme to bribe a Middle Eastern official in connection with the attempted $800 million sale of a building complex in Vietnam.[152][153] In September 2018, Bahn Joo-hyun was sentenced to six months in prison in Manhattan federal court.[154]

Personality and public image

edit

During his tenure at the South Korean Foreign Ministry, Ban's nickname was jusa (주사), meaning "the administrative clerk". The name was used as both positive and negative: complimenting Ban's attention to detail and administrative skill while deriding what was seen as a lack of charisma and subservience to his superiors.[43] The South Korean press corps calls him "the slippery eel" (기름장어), for his ability to dodge questions.[21] His peers praise his understated "Confucian approach",[29] and he is regarded by many as a "stand-up guy"[23] and is known for his "easy smile".[18] After he assumed a post of United Nations secretary general, he was caricatured as "invisible man", "powerless observer", or "nowhere man" for his lack of powerful personality and leadership.[155][156][157][158]

Honours and awards

edit
 
Ban Ki-moon speaking at an event in 2018

National

edit

Foreign

edit

Foreign Awards

edit

Honorary degrees

edit

Books

edit
  • Resolved: Uniting Nations in a Divided World, New York: Columbia University Press, 2021.[188]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Suzanne Goldenberg (27 January 2011). "Ban Ki-moon ends hands-on involvement in climate change talks". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  2. ^ Lynch, Colum (17 April 2007). "Sudan To Allow U.N. Force in Darfur". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  3. ^ "Ban Ki-moon". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.
  4. ^ "The World's Most Powerful People". Forbes. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  5. ^ "FP Global Thinkers 2016". Foreign Policy. 12 December 2016. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  6. ^ "António Guterres appointed next UN Secretary-General by acclamation". UN News Centre. 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  7. ^ a b "With an Eye on South Korea's Presidency, Ban Ki-moon Seeks to Burnish his U.N. Legacy". Foreign Policy. 28 December 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  8. ^ Cheng, Jonathan (1 February 2017). "Ban Ki-moon Drops Out of South Korean Presidential Race". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  9. ^ "IOC elects former United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon to head its Ethics Commission". 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  10. ^ "Ban Ki-Moon to begin his tenure at Yonsei". Korea JoongAng Daily. 8 June 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  11. ^ "The U.N.'s Climate Report Shows How Badly Wrong Leaders Like Trump Have Got Climate Change". Time. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  12. ^ Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. "Climate Adaptation Summit Launches Adaptation Action Agenda 2030 | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD". Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  13. ^ "Leadership & Governance". Global Center on Adaptation. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  14. ^ "The Global Commission on Adaptation". Global Center on Adaptation. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  15. ^ "Former UN Leader Ban Ki-moon Just Endorsed Democrats' Fight for a Green New Deal". Huffingtonpost. 25 January 2019. Archived from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  16. ^ p. 493, "Local Administration, Chapter XXIV: Korea (Chōsen)," The Japan-Manchukuo Year Book 1938, Japan-Manchukuo Year Book Co., Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo
  17. ^ "Welcomto Eumseong". Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Warren Hoge (9 December 2006). "For New U.N. Chief, a Past Misstep Leads to Opportunity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  19. ^ 김, 지현 (16 January 2017). 반기문은 15대 할아버지처럼 할 수 있을까. OhmyNews (in Korean). Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  20. ^ a b c Martin Fackler (22 December 2006). "On His Ancestors' Wings, a Korean Soars to the U.N." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Maggie Farley and Bruce Wallace (9 October 2006). "Aspiring U.N. Chief Is a Harmonizer, Not a Rock Star; South Korean career diplomat Ban Ki-moon may lack charisma, but he has many fans". Los Angeles Times.
  22. ^ Mr. Ban Ki Moon - Message to WSPU, 8 December 2010, retrieved 16 November 2023
  23. ^ a b c d e Anna Fifield (10 October 2006). "Relentless pursuit brings a challenge close to home; Profile Ban Ki-moon". Financial Times.
  24. ^ "Disquiet grows over performance of Ban Ki-moon, UN's 'invisible man'". The Guardian. 22 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  25. ^ a b "Is Ban Ki-moon a franco-phoney?". CBC News. 14 December 2006. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  26. ^ a b c "Profile: Ban Ki-moon". BBC News. 13 October 2006. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
  27. ^ a b c d e Lee Joo-hee (15 February 2006). "Ban surges toward next career step". The Korea Herald.
  28. ^ Warren Hoge (3 October 2006). "Council Backs South Korean for U.N. Secretary General". The New York Times.
  29. ^ a b "Can This Guy Run the U.N.?". Time. 16 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 November 2006.
  30. ^ a b c Warren Hoge (14 October 2006). "South Korean Is Appointed Secretary General of the U.N.". The New York Times.
  31. ^ a b c "Official U.N. biography". United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
  32. ^ a b Lally Weymouth (23 October 2006). "A Baptism by Fire; Even before taking office, the newly elected secretary-general of the United Nations is confronted with a global crisis". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
  33. ^ Colum Lynch (29 September 2006). "S. Korean Contender for U.N. Post Has an Edge; Ban Ki Moon's Rivals Complain About His Role in Foreign Aid and Trade Policy". The Washington Post.
  34. ^ Warren Hoge (29 September 2006). "South Korean Favored to Win Top Job at U.N.". The New York Times.
  35. ^ Park Song-wu (14 February 2006). "Minister Ban to Run for Top UN Job". The Korea Times. Retrieved 28 September 2006.[dead link]
  36. ^ "Ban takes 1st Straw Poll". UNSG.org]. 24 July 2006. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
  37. ^ "Ban firms up lead in second Straw Poll". UNSG.org]. 14 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
  38. ^ "Ban slips but holds, Vīķe-Freiberga pushes into third". UNSG.org]. 28 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
  39. ^ "Ban Ki-moon wins". UNSG.org]. 2 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 November 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
  40. ^ "Foreign Minister Ban Ki-moon interview". Asiasource.org. 26 September 2006. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  41. ^ "The Quest for Peace and Prosperity in the Asia-Pacific and Beyond". Ban Ki-moon address to Asia Society (transcript). 25 September 2006. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  42. ^ Gamage, Daya (30 April 2010). "UN's Lynn Pascoe cannot avoid being influenced by US State Department agenda on Sri Lanka". Asian Tribune. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  43. ^ a b "Enter Mr Ban; The UN's new secretary-general" (PDF). The Economist. 7 October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
  44. ^ "Secretary-General's press conference". United Nations. 11 January 2007. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  45. ^ Beeston, Richard; Bone, James (26 September 2006). "Millions of dollars and a piano may put Korean in UN's top job". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  46. ^ Lynch, Colum (28 September 2006). "S. Korean Contender for U.N. Post Has an Edge". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  47. ^ "Shashi Tharoor pulls out of UN race". NDTV.com. 3 October 2006. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
  48. ^ "United Nations Webcast of announcement". United Nations. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  49. ^ Warren Hoge and Choe Sang-Hun (10 October 2006). "Security Council Approves South Korean as U.N. Chief". The New York Times.
  50. ^ a b c "Mission impossible?—The United Nations". The Economist. 6 January 2007.
  51. ^ "Secretary-General's encounter with the UN press corps (transcript)". United Nations. 2 January 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  52. ^ Julia Preston (3 January 2007). "New U.N. Chief Invites Controversy by Declining to Oppose Hussein Execution". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  53. ^ a b c Mark Turner (1 February 2007). "Ban's month of muddle: how the new UN chief is struggling to win over the doubters". Financial Times.
  54. ^ "Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on the death sentences in Iraq". United Nations. 6 January 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  55. ^ "Address at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and Q&A (transcript)". United Nations. 16 January 2007. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  56. ^ "U.N. chief calls for justice in Cambodia". CNN. 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2008.
  57. ^ "Arrhenius End of Assignment Report" (PDF). Foreign Policy. 14 June 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  58. ^ Julia Preston (6 January 2007). "Tanzanian Woman Is Chosen for U.N.'s 2nd Highest Post". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  59. ^ a b Julia Preston (4 January 2007). "Mexican U.N. Insider Gets Manager's Post".
  60. ^ a b Warren Hoge (6 February 2007). "U.N. Chief Returns to Headquarters, Where Battles Await Him". The New York Times.
  61. ^ Warren Hoge (10 February 2007). "U.N. Chief Gives Key Post to American". The New York Times.
  62. ^ "Indian diplomat Vijay Nambiar quitting as Ban's Chief of Staff to become special adviser". The Economic Times. 26 January 2012. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  63. ^ Sengupta, Somini (20 May 2016). "Susana Malcorra of Argentina Becomes Candidate for U.N. Secretary General". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  64. ^ "Susana Malcorra | UNSSC | United Nations System Staff College". www.unssc.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  65. ^ Stevenson Swanson (11 April 2007). "Leaders making world of difference\ Higher profile at UN brings new emphasis on issues affecting women". Chicago Tribune.
  66. ^ Warren Hoge (19 February 2007). "U.N. Chief Is Assuaging Doubts About Leadership". The New York Times.
  67. ^ Warren Hoge (28 February 2007). "New United Nations Chief Tackles the Agency's Tradition of Patronage Jobs". The New York Times.
  68. ^ a b c d Maggie Farley (11 April 2007). "Ban Ki-moon learns the hard way". The Irish Times.
  69. ^ "MOFA spokesman slams Ban Ki-moon for rejecting UN bid". Taipei Times. 30 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  70. ^ Colum Lynch (2 March 2007). "U.N. Secretary General Calls Global Warming a Priority". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  71. ^ Ban urges rapid progress in negotiations on new climate change pact Archived 29 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. UN News Centre, 3 September 2009.
  72. ^ Foderaro, Lisa (21 September 2014). "Taking a Call for Climate Change to the Streets". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  73. ^ "UN Climate Summit". The United Nations. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  74. ^ Rocket blast shakes UN chief in Baghdad. Xinhua, 23 March 2007.
  75. ^ Hoge, Warren (24 March 2007). "U.N. Chief Isn't Discouraged by His Close Call in Iraq". The New York Times.
  76. ^ Hoge, Warren (3 April 2007). "On Mideast Trip, U.N. Chief Sought to Expand New Role". The New York Times.
  77. ^ "U.N. blasts Israel for West Bank housing expansion plan". CNN. 10 March 2008. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
  78. ^ "UN toasts Ahmadinejad win, as 69 said killed in Iran protests". Haaretz. 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
  79. ^ "Nobel laureate calls on U.N. chief to visit Iran". Reuters. 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  80. ^ "British, French embassy workers on trial over Iran protests". CNN. 9 August 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  81. ^ "Iran admits 4,000 June detentions". BBC News. 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  82. ^ Ganji, Akbar (12 August 2009). "Dear Mr Ban, heed the Iranian people". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  83. ^ "Ban Ki-Moon: I am willing to take any measures for human rights". The Christian Science Monitor. 23 March 2011.
  84. ^ "Muammar Gaddafi: How he died". BBC News. 22 October 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  85. ^ Cheryl Corley (2 August 2007). "United Nations Deploys Peacekeeping Troops to Darfur". Tell Me More on NPR.
  86. ^ "Cyclone aid conference opens in Myanmar". CNN. 25 May 2008.
  87. ^ a b "General Assembly appoints Ban Ki-moon to second term as UN Secretary-General". UN News Service. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  88. ^ "Ban Ki-moon launches official re-election campaign". Xinhua News Agency. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  89. ^ "Ban Ki-moon reelection campaign gathers pace". Hürriyet Daily News. Agence France-Presse. 5 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  90. ^ Patrick Worsnip (17 June 2011). "U.N. council recommends 2nd term for Ban Ki-moon". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  91. ^ Louis Charbonneau (21 June 2011). "U.N. assembly approves second term for U.N. chief Ban". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  92. ^ "General Assembly Appoints Secretary-General Ban Ki–moon to Second Term of Office". UN Press Office. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  93. ^ PTI (22 June 2011). "Ban Ki-moon unanimously elected for second term as UN chief". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  94. ^ Crossette, Barbara (4 March 2012). "Jan Eliasson Named Deputy Secretary-General". PassBlue. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  95. ^ a b Christian Ultsch (27 November 2012). "UN chief interviewed on religious tolerance, Gaza, Palestinian status". Die Presse.
  96. ^ "Concerned at plight of Palestinian hunger strikers, Ban urges solution without delay". United Nations. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
  97. ^ "Criticizing Iranian leadership statements regarding Israel and the Holocaust". The New York Times. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  98. ^ Omri Efraim (16 August 2013). "UN chief admits bias against Israel". Ynet News. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  99. ^ Israel 'disturbed' by Ban's recanting comment on bias Archived 9 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Jerusalem Post, 20 August 2013
  100. ^ "Ban Ki-Moon says UN has 'disproportionate' focus on Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 16 December 2016. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  101. ^ a b "Benjamin Netanyahu accuses Ban Ki-moon of justifying terrorism". Telegraph.co.uk. 27 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  102. ^ "United Nations Chief Exposes Limits to His Authority by Citing Saudi Threat Archived 19 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine". The New York Times. 9 June 2016.
  103. ^ "UN: Shameful pandering to Saudi Arabia over children killed in Yemen conflict Archived 7 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine". Amnesty International. 7 June 2016.
  104. ^ "United Nations Chief Exposes Limits to His Authority by Citing Saudi Threat". The New York Times. 8 June 2016. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  105. ^ "Saudi Arabian allies pressured UN chief to issue blacklist reversal, sources say". The Guardian. 8 June 2016. Archived from the original on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  106. ^ "Ukraine's UN Envoy 'Outraged' By Ban's Comments on Russia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 18 June 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  107. ^ Ban, Ki-moon. "Message to Human Rights Council meeting on Violence and Discrimination based on Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity". United Nations. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  108. ^ Summers, Claude J. (3 March 2012). "AllOut.org Video: Ban Ki-moon: "The Time Has Come"". glbtq. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  109. ^ Ban Ki-moon (11 December 2012). "Secretary-General's remarks to special event on "Leadership in the Fight against Homophobia"". United Nations. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  110. ^ Ban Ki-moon (15 April 2013). "Secretary-General's video message to the Oslo Conference on Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity". United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  111. ^ "Syria Geneva II peace talks witness bitter exchanges". BBC News. 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  112. ^ "Secretary-General's remarks to the General Assembly on his Five-Year Action Agenda: "The Future We Want"". 25 January 2012. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  113. ^ "Ban Ki-moon: 'Close the gap between the world that is and the world that should be'". TheGuardian.com. 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  114. ^ "INTERVIEW-Refugees, warmongers and bloodshed targeted in first global aid summit". 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  115. ^ a b c d e Colum Lynch (21 October 2007). "Under U.N. Chief, Koreans in Key Posts: Ban Ki-moon Denies Playing Favorites". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
  116. ^ Inga-Britt Ahlenius, End of Assignment Report Archived 21 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 14 July 2010, p. 22. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  117. ^ a b "Departing U.N. official calls Ban's leadership 'deplorable' in 50-page memo" Archived 14 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Washington Post, 20 July 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  118. ^ End of Assignment Report Archived 21 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 32, 48 Inga-Britt Ahlenius, 14 July 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  119. ^ Borger, Julian (2012) "UN tribunal finds ethics office failed to protect whistleblower" Archived 21 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian
  120. ^ Lynch, Colum (13 May 2010), "U.N. Head Ban Ki-Moon Refusing Orders from Internal Personnel Court" Archived 14 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  121. ^ Chen, M. (17 September 2013), "Ban Ki Moon Accused of Union Busting at UN", Huffington Post.
  122. ^ Rosen, Armin (9 April 2015), "How the UN caused a massive cholera outbreak in Haiti" Archived 12 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Business Insider. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  123. ^ Ingram, David (10 January 2015). "U.S. judge rules Haitians cannot sue U.N. for cholera epidemic". reuters.com. Reuters news service. Archived from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  124. ^ "15-455-cv United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit" (PDF). ijdh.org. Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  125. ^ "Lawyers file appeal against US judge ruling on cholera cases". jamaicaobserver.com. The Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  126. ^ "Get the best". The Economist. 21 May 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  127. ^ "Master, mistress or mouse?". The Economist. 21 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016. South Korea's Ban Ki-moon, his outgoing successor (pictured above at the UN's headquarters in New York), is viewed as the dullest—and among the worst.
  128. ^ a b MacAskill, Ewen (22 July 2010). "Disquiet grows over performance of Ban Ki-moon, UN's 'invisible man'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  129. ^ "Ban Ki-moon". FocusNews. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016.
  130. ^ "Acting president viewed as potential conservative presidential candidate". The Korea Herald. 30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  131. ^ "UN spokesperson says Ban Ki-moon is "aware" of resolution". The Hankyoreh. 2 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  132. ^ "GA Resolution 11/1-Terms of appointment of the Secretary-General-1946". 1946. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2018. XII. Resolutions adopted on the reports of the fifth committee
    11(I). Terms of Appointment of the Secretary-General
    4. (b) Because a Secretary-General is a confidant of many governments, it is desirable that no Member should offer him, at any rate immediately on retirement, any governmental position in which his confidential information might be a source of embarrassment to other Members, and on his part a Secretary-General should refrain from accepting any such position.
  133. ^ "UN chief Ban Ki-moon has 'made up his mind' to run for Korea's presidency". The Korea Times. 5 October 2016. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  134. ^ "Is Ban Ki-moon going to be the next South Korean president?". sbs.com.au. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  135. ^ Ban Ki-moon returns, poised for presidential bid Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine - Korea Herald(01/12/2017)
  136. ^ "Blaming 'fake news,' Ban Ki-moon drops presidential bid in South Korea". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  137. ^ "Founders - Ban Ki-moon Centre for Global Citizens". Ban Ki-moon Centre for Global Citizens. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  138. ^ Shim, Elizabeth (3 January 2018). "Ban Ki-moon, Austrian officials, launch center for global citizens". UPI. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  139. ^ "Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon joins The Elders". The Elders. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  140. ^ "Ex-UN chief Ban Ki-moon joins ex-leaders promoting peace". AP NEWS. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  141. ^ "Mary Robinson appointed new Chair of The Elders". The Elders. 1 November 2018. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  142. ^ "Global Pact for the Environment Introduced to the World". IUCN. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  143. ^ "Ban Ki-moon Elected President and Chair of GGGI | Inter Press Service". ipsnews.net. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  144. ^ Rowling, Megan (8 March 2018). "World leaders must keep 'closer eye' on climate change - Ban Ki-moon". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  145. ^ Kaufman, Alexander C. (25 January 2019). "Former U.N. leader Ban Ki-moon just endorsed Democrats' fight for a Green New Deal". Grist. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  146. ^ Ki-Moon, Ban (25 January 2020). "A new generation of global citizens gives hope to humanity". Gulf News. United Arab Emirates. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  147. ^ a b "Ban Ki-moon's family nuptial ties with India". Rediff News. 31 October 2008. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  148. ^ "Ban ki-Moon at the World Hindi Conference". Rediff News. 14 July 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  149. ^ 반기문 총장 아들 내달 결혼. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 28 April 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
  150. ^ "Correction: Ban Ki-moon". The Economist. 11 January 2007. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  151. ^ "Transcript of Press Conference by Secretary-General-Designate Ban Ki-moon at United Nations Headquarters". United Nations. 13 October 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2007.
  152. ^ Raymond, Nate (11 January 2017). "U.S. charges former U.N. chief Ban's relatives in bribery case". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  153. ^ "Ban Ki-moon's brother and nephew charged with bribery". BBC News. 11 January 2017. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  154. ^ "Ex-UN secretary general's nephew gets 6 months in prison". The Washington Post. 6 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018.
  155. ^ "Where Are You, Ban Ki-Moon?". The New York Times. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2017. He's been called among the worst secretaries general in U.N. history, a "powerless observer" and a "nowhere man"...
  156. ^ "Disquiet grows over performance of Ban Ki-moon, UN's 'invisible man'". The Guardian. 22 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  157. ^ "The U.N.'s 'Invisible Man'". The Wall Street Journal. 14 July 2009. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  158. ^ "Nowhere Man". Foreign Policy. 21 June 2009. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  159. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour" (PDF) (in German). p. 1446. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  160. ^ "The Order of Sikatuna". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  161. ^ Sovereign Ordonnance n° 4251 Archived 5 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 3 April 2013.
  162. ^ "Resolución N° 294/011". impo.com.uy. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  163. ^ (in Dutch) Hoge koninklijke onderscheiding voor VN-leider Ban Ki-moon Archived 20 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, NOS, 19 April 2016.
  164. ^ "Putin awards UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon with Order of Friendship". Russia Beyond. 8 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  165. ^ "El presidente Macri recibió al secretario General de la ONU" [President Macri hosted UN Secretary-General]. casarosada.gob.ar (in Spanish). Casa Rosada | Government of Argentina. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  166. ^ "Пан Ги Муну вручили медаль 25-летия Нейтралитета Туркменистана". Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  167. ^ Nations, United. "UN Web TV". Media. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  168. ^ "First Arctic Circle Prize Awarded to Ban Ki-Moon". High North News. 9 October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  169. ^ "Samsung Chairman Lee Receives Van Fleet Award". KBS World. 20 September 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
  170. ^ Ralph Riegel (21 August 2013). "Mandela, Clinton and Geldof among the former winners". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  171. ^ "Ban Ki-moon praises 'truly historic' referendum result". RTÉ News. 24 May 2015. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015. Speaking after he accepted the Tipperary International Peace Award in Co Tipperary this evening...
  172. ^ "U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon Receives Honorary Degree from UMD". UMD. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  173. ^ "U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to Receive Honorary Degree from LMU". LMU. April 2016. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  174. ^ "Honorary doctorate and Public Address - His Excellency Mr Ban Ki-moon". Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  175. ^ "University Welcomes United Nations Leader at Academic Convocation". Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  176. ^ "Mongolia a 'role model' for other developing countries, Ban says". UN News center. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  177. ^ "Press Release: Mr. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary General to UN conferred with 'Doctor of Letters' at Jamia". Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  178. ^ "Ban Ki-moon, Mayor Michael Hancock announced as Commencement speakers". 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  179. ^ "'Make the choice of service,' UN chief tells Georgetown graduates". 16 May 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  180. ^ "KU Leuven awards honorary doctorate to Ban Ki-moon". 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  181. ^ "Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave (UK) dnes udelila čestný titul Doctor honoris causa (Dr. h. c.) generálnemu tajomníkovi OSN Pan Ki-munovi". 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  182. ^ "University of Mauritius Doctor honoris causa". 9 May 2016. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  183. ^ "University Commencement | Columbia University in the City of New York". columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  184. ^ "UN Secretary-General, New-York Historical Society President, and MMC's own Campus Minister to receive 2016 Honorary Degrees". Marymount Manhattan College. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  185. ^ "Congregation of the Regent House on 3 February 2016: Honorary Degree". Cambridge University Reporter (6413): 346–347. 3 February 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  186. ^ "Honorary Doctorate awarded to Ban Ki-moon | News articles | News and Events | About us | University of Groningen". rug.nl. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  187. ^ "Tampere University confers 244 doctorates and 14 honorary doctorates at its first Conferment Ceremony". Tampere universities. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  188. ^ Ki-Moon, Ban (2021). Resolved. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/ban-19872. ISBN 9780231552783. JSTOR 10.7312/ban-19872. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.

Further reading

edit
  • Encyclopedia of World Biography: Supplement #27 (Thomson-Gale, 2007), pp. 29–31.
edit
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade
2004–2006
Succeeded by
Positions in intergovernmental organisations
Preceded by   Secretary-General of the United Nations
2007–2016
Succeeded by