Killed or seriously injured (KSI) is a standard metric for safety policy, particularly in transportation and road safety.
History
editISO 39001 considers a serious injury as having an impact on the body or on the capacity of an individual.[1]
Definition
editUnited Kingdom definitions
edit- Killed: The usual international definition, as adopted by the Vienna Convention in 1968 is 'A human casualty who dies within 30 days after the collision due to injuries received in the crash'.[2]
- Serious injury: The definition is less clear-cut and may vary more over time and in different places. The UK definition covers injury resulting in a person being detained in hospital as an in-patient, in addition all injuries causing: fractures, concussion, internal injuries, crushings, burns (excluding friction burns), severe cuts, severe general shock which require medical treatment even if this does not result in a stay in hospital as an in-patient.[3]
- Slight injury: Sprain (including neck whiplash injury), bruising or cuts which are not judged to be severe. Also slight shock requiring roadside assistance.[4]
United States definitions
editThe definitions used in the USA are as follows:[5]
- Fatal injury. To be used where death occurs within thirty consecutive 24-hour time periods from the time of the crash.
- Incapacitating injury. Any injury, other than a fatal injury, which prevents the injured person from walking, driving or normally continuing the activities the person was capable of performing before the injury occurred. This includes: severe lacerations, broken or distorted limbs, skull or chest injuries, abdominal injuries, unconsciousness at or when taken from the crash scene, and unable to leave the crash scene without assistance. Does not include momentary unconsciousness.
- Non-incapacitating evident injury: Any injury, other than a fatal injury or an incapacitating injury, which is evident to observers at the scene of the crash in which the injury occurred. This includes: lump on head, abrasions, bruises and minor lacerations. This does not include limping unless any actual injury can be seen.
European Union
edit- Killed: The usual international definition, as adopted by the Vienna Convention in 1968 is 'a human casualty who dies within 30 days after the collision due to injuries received in the crash'.[2]
- Serious injury: In 2015, the European Union defined a concept of serious injures in order to share the same definition across the whole European Union.[6] This new concept is based on MAIS (from the English Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale). Based on this standard, serious injuries are defined as scale 3 and more (or MAIS3+).
In 2014, 135,000 people were seriously injured on Europe's roads.[7]
Issues
editFigures for fatalities are normally highly reliable in industrialised countries and few if any fatalities go unrecorded. Fatality figures are however often too low making it hard to see trends over time for one place.
Figures for the number of people seriously injured typically being an order of magnitude larger than the number of people killed and are therefore more likely to be statistically significant. However, classification of serious injuries is open to opinion, by medical staff or by non-medical professionals, such as police officers and may therefore vary over time and between places.
Figures for slight injuries are considered highly unreliable, largely due to under-reporting where injuries are self-treated.[8][9]
Derived metrics
edit
Several metrics are derived from KSI metrics, with various goals such as international comparison which need normalization.[10]
| Fatalities per capita | This metric allow to compare countries, whatever the size of their population. It us used by OECD and in Europe. It allows to compare countries similar in their development.
It can be considered as a health risk.[11] It can be computed on regional / local level. |
|---|---|
| Fatalities per vehicle-kilometres | This indicator is related to assessment of the travel-risk on a given road network. Only 22 IRTAD countries produce such a metric. It allows comparison with other transportation mode or to compare road networks. |
| Fatalities per registered vehicles | This indicator is more easily available than fatalities per vehicle-kilometres, that it might help to compare nations, taking into account both their size and their level of development. |
The 28 EU-28 countries, for the 28 members, computed an indicator named "per 10 billion pkm". Pkm is an indicator of traffic volume which is used for not having consistent vehicle-kilometre data. Are counted cars and estimated motorised two-wheelers. In 2016, this indicator ranges from 23 for Sweden to 192 for Romania, with a value of 52 for the EU-28. In Germany, France, the UK and Italy, this score is respectively 33, 46, 28, 44.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Claes Tingvall; Jan Ifver; Maria Krafft; Anders Kullgren; Anders Lie; Matteo Rizzi; Simon Sternlund; Helena Stigson; Johan Strandroth. "The Consequences of Adopting a MAIS 3 Injury Target for Road Safety in the EU: a comparison with Targets Based on Fatalities and Long ‐ term Consequences" (PDF). Ircobi.org.
- ^ a b "Progress towards the 2010 targets". Parliament.
Human casualties who sustain injuries leading to death less than 30 days after the accident. (This is the usual international definition, adopted by the Vienna Convention in 1968
- ^ "Progress towards the 2010 targets". Parliament.
An injury for which a person is detained in hospital as an 'in- patient', injury or any of the following injuries whether or not they are detained in hospital: fractures, concussion, internal injuries, crushings, burns (excluding friction burns), severe cuts, severe general shock requiring medical treatment and injuries causing death 30 or more days after the accident. An injured casualty is recorded as seriously or slightly injured by the police on the basis of information available within a short time of the accident. This generally will not reflect the results of a medical examination, but may be influenced according to whether the casualty is hospitalised or not. Hospitalisation procedures will vary regionally.
- ^ "Progress towards the 2010 targets". Parliament.
An injury of a minor character such as a sprain (including neck whiplash injury), bruise or cut which are not judged to be severe, or slight shock requiring roadside assistance. This definition includes injuries not requiring medical treatment.
- ^ "FARS coding and validation manua" (PDF). Nrd.nhtsa.dot.govl. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ "2016 road safety statistics: What is behind the figures?". Europa.eu. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ "Commission publishes first official serious injury figures as 275 MEPs back EU target". Etsc.eu.
- ^ "iRAP International Transport Statistics Database :: Safety: Data Definitions and Caveats". Iraptranstats.net. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-21. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Wegman, Fred; Oppe, Siem (2010). "Benchmarking road safety performances of countries". Safety Science. 48 (9): 1203–1211. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2010.02.003.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.bitre.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Mobility and transport". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 November 2021.