Cheng Tang[a] (born Zi Lü[b][1]), recorded on oracle bones as, in English, Tai Yi[1] (太乙) or Da Yi (大乙), was the first king of the Shang dynasty. Tang is traditionally considered a virtuous ruler, as signified with the common nickname of "Tang the Perfect" given to him.[2] According to legend,[3] as the last leader of the Predynastic Shang he overthrew Jie, the last king of the Xia dynasty.
| Tang 湯 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Depiction of King Tang by Ma Lin | |||||||||
| Leader of the Predynastic Shang | |||||||||
| Predecessor | Zhu Gui | ||||||||
| Successor | Himself as King of the Shang dynasty | ||||||||
| King of the Shang dynasty | |||||||||
| Predecessor | Jie (Xia dynasty) | ||||||||
| Successor | Bu Bing Da Ding (disputed) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Tang of Shang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 湯 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 汤 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rise of Shang
editTang ruled Shang (known as Predynastic Shang in historiography), one of the many kingdoms under the suzerainty of the Xia dynasty, for 17 years. During Jie's reign, Shang grew in power, initially at the expense of Xia's other vassals. He was able to win many supporters from as many as 40 smaller kingdoms.[4] Tang recognized that Jie mistreated his people and used this to convince others. According to legend, in one speech, Tang said that creating chaos was not something he wanted, but given the terror of Jie, he had to follow the Mandate of Heaven and use this opportunity to overthrow Xia.[4] As an advantage he pointed out that even Jie's own military generals would not obey his orders.[4]
In the 15th year of Jie's reign, Tang began moving Lü to the capital Bo. About two years later Shang sent his minister Yi Yin as an envoy to Jie. Yi remained in the Xia capital for about three years, before returning to Shang.
The Shang's power continued to grow. In the 26th year of Jie's reign, Shang conquered Wen. Two years later, Shang was attacked by Kunwu, and several years of war between Shang and Kunwu followed.[5] Despite this setback, Shang continued to expand on a number of fronts, gathering vassal troops in Jingpo. The Shang army and allied forces conquered Mitxu (today's Xinmi in Henan), Wei, and attacked Gu, which too was conquered the following year.[5] About this time Zhong Gu, chief historian of Jie, would flee from the Xia to the Shang.[5]
Battle of Mingtiao
editThe Shang army fought against Jie's Xia forces at Mingtiao (鳴條) in a heavy thunderstorm and defeated them.
Jie himself escaped and fled to Sanzong. The Shang forces under their general Wuzi pursued Jie to Cheng, captured him at Jiaomen, and deposed him, bringing the Xia dynasty to an end. Eventually, Jie was exiled in Nanchao.[5] Jie would eventually die of illness[4] and Tang succeeded him as paramount King, inaugurating the Shang dynasty.
King of the Shang
edit
Tang's reign was regarded as a good time by the Chinese.[1] He lowered taxes and the conscription rate of soldiers. His influence spread to the Yellow River, and many outlying tribes, such as Di and Qiang, became vassal states. He also established Anyang as the new capital of China.
According to the Bamboo Annals, Tang built a palace called Xia She (夏社) to memorialize the Xia dynasty. In the first five years of his reign, there were several droughts. Tang ordered golden coins to be made and distributed to poor families who had been forced to sell their children because of the drought. It was intended for them to use this money to buy their children back.
According to the Bamboo Annals, in the 9th year of his reign, he moved the Nine Tripod Cauldrons, made by Yu the Great, to the Shang Palace.
Myths
editTang has been portrayed in different ways in Chinese mythology and these portrayals have influenced popular depiction and paintings of him.[1]
He is often drawn as being "a nine-foot-tall, white-faced, whiskered man with a pointed head, six-jointed arms, and a body markedly larger on one side than on the other."[1]
A tradition about the I Ching was that most of it was written by Tang of Shang.[6]
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e "Tang". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ Theobald, Ulrich (2010-11-13). "Hetu luoshu 河圖洛書". Chinaknowledge. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
- ^ Lai, Selena; Brown, Waka Takahashi (November 2006). "The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE". SPICE. Stanford University. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
- ^ a b c d 王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 #1 遠古至春秋. 中華書局. ISBN 962-8885-24-3. p 30.
- ^ a b c d 高明士, 国真梁. [2007] (2007). 中國通史. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. ISBN 957-11-4312-X, 9789571143125. p. 46.
- ^ Bauer, Susan Wise (2007). The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-393-05974-8.
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