The King Wen sequence (Chinese: 文王卦序) is an arrangement of the sixty-four divination figures in the I Ching (often translated as the Book of Changes). They are called hexagrams in English because each figure is composed of six 爻 yáo—broken or unbroken lines, that represent yin or yang respectively.
The King Wen sequence is also known as the "received" or "classical" sequence because it is the oldest surviving arrangement of the hexagrams. Its true age and authorship are unknown. Traditionally, it is said that King Wen of Zhou arranged the hexagrams in this sequence while imprisoned by King Zhou of Shang in the 12th century BC. A different arrangement, the "binary sequence" named in honor of the mythic culture hero Fu Xi, originated in the Song dynasty. It is believed to be the work of scholar Shao Yong (1011–1077 AD). As mirrored by the 先天 Earlier Heaven and 後天 Later Heaven arrangements of the eight trigrams, or ba gua, it was customary to attribute authorship to these legendary figures. Of the two hexagram arrangements, the King Wen sequence is, however, of much greater antiquity than the Fu Xi sequence.[1]
Structure of the sequence
editThe 64 hexagrams are grouped into 32 pairs. For 28 of the pairs, the second hexagram is created by turning the first upside down (i.e. 180° rotation). The exception to this rule is for the 8 symmetrical hexagrams that are the same after rotation (1 & 2, 27 & 28, 29 & 30, 61 & 62). Partners for these are given by inverting each line: solid becomes broken and broken becomes solid. These are indicated with icons in the table below.
Given the mathematical constraints of these simple rules, the number of lines that change within pair partners will always be even (either 2, 4, or 6). Whereas the number of lines that change between pairs depends on how the pairs are arranged, and the King Wen sequence has notable characteristics in this regard. Of the 64 transitions, exactly 48 of them are even changes (32 within-pairs plus 16 between-pairs) and 16 are odd changes (all between-pairs). This is a precise 3 to 1 ratio of even to odd transitions. Of the odd transitions, 14 are changes of three lines and 2 are changes of one line. Changes of five are absent. Each transition within a pair appears to be the correlating opposite of the other transition within the pair.
 
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| 1 ↕ 2 | 3 ~ 4 | 5 ~ 6 | 7 ~ 8 | 9 ~ 10 | 11 ~ 12 | 13 ~ 14 | 15 ~ 16 |
 
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| 17 ~ 18 | 19 ~ 20 | 21 ~ 22 | 23 ~ 24 | 25 ~ 26 | 27 ↕ 28 | 29 ↕ 30 | 31 ~ 32 |
 
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| 33 ~ 34 | 35 ~ 36 | 37 ~ 38 | 39 ~ 40 | 41 ~ 42 | 43 ~ 44 | 45 ~ 46 | 47 ~ 48 |
 
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| 49 ~ 50 | 51 ~ 52 | 53 ~ 54 | 55 ~ 56 | 57 ~ 58 | 59 ~ 60 | 61 ↕ 62 | 63 ~ 64 |
Dual hexagrams
editThe I Ching book was traditionally split up in two parts with the first part covering the first 30 hexagrams of the King Wen sequence and the second part with the remaining 34.[2][3] The reason for this was not mentioned in the classic commentaries but was explained in later Yuan dynasty commentaries: 8 hexagrams are the same when turned upside down and the other 56 present a different hexagram if inverted. This allows the hexagrams to be displayed succinctly in two equal columns or rows of 18 unique hexagrams each; half of the 56 invertible hexagrams plus the 8 non-invertible.[4][5]
| ䷞ 咸 xián Influence (Wooing) |
31 → | ¦¦|||¦ | ← 32 | ䷟ 恆 héng Duration |
| ䷠ 遯 dùn Retreat |
33 → | ¦¦|||| | ← 34 | ䷡ 大壯 dà zhuàng The Power of the Great |
| ䷢ 晉 jìn Progress |
35 → | ¦¦¦|¦| | ← 36 | ䷣ 明夷 míng yí Brilliance Injured |
| ䷤ 家人 jiā rén The Family (The Clan) |
37 → | |¦|¦|| | ← 38 | ䷥ 睽 kuí Opposition |
| ䷦ 蹇 jiǎn Obstruction |
39 → | ¦¦|¦|¦ | ← 40 | ䷧ 解 xiè Deliverance |
| ䷨ 損 sǔn Decrease |
41 → | ||¦¦¦| | ← 42 | ䷩ 益 yì Increase |
| ䷪ 夬 guài Break-Through (Resoluteness) |
43 → | |||||¦ | ← 44 | ䷫ 姤 gòu Coming To Meet |
| ䷬ 萃 cuì Gathering Together (Massing) |
45 → | ¦¦¦||¦ | ← 46 | ䷭ 升 shēng Pushing Upward |
| ䷮ 困 kùn Oppression (Exhaustion) |
47 → | ¦|¦||¦ | ← 48 | ䷯ 井 jǐng The Well |
| ䷰ 革 gé Revolution (Molting) |
49 → | |¦|||¦ | ← 50 | ䷱ 鼎 dǐng The Cauldron |
| ䷲ 震 zhèn The Arousing (Shock, Thunder) |
51 → | |¦¦|¦¦ | ← 52 | ䷳ 艮 gèn Keeping Still, Mountain |
| ䷴ 漸 jiàn Development (Gradual Progress) |
53 → | ¦¦|¦|| | ← 54 | ䷵ 歸妹 guī mèi The Marrying Maiden |
| ䷶ 豐 fēng Abundance |
55 → | |¦||¦¦ | ← 56 | ䷷ 旅 lǚ The Wanderer |
| ䷸ 巽 xùn The Gentle (The Penetrating, Wind) |
57 → | ¦||¦|| | ← 58 | ䷹ 兌 duì The Joyous, Lake |
| ䷺ 渙 huàn Dispersion (Dissolution) |
59 → | ¦|¦¦|| | ← 60 | ䷻ 節 jié Limitation |
| ䷼ 中孚 zhōng fú Inner Truth |
61 → | ||¦¦|| | ||
| ䷽ 小過 xiǎo guò Preponderance of the Small |
62 → | ¦¦||¦¦ | ||
| ䷾ 既濟 jì jì After Completion |
63 → | |¦|¦|¦ | ← 64 | ䷿ 未濟 wèi jì Before Completion |
Explanation
editOver the centuries there were many attempts to explain this sequence. Some basic elements are obvious: each symbol is paired with an "upside-down" neighbor, except for 1, 27, 29, and 61 which are "vertically" symmetrical and paired with "inversed" neighbors.
There have been recent attempts to apply mathematical combinatorics in explaining the logic behind the King Wen sequence, for example Richard S. Cook's proposal.[4]
Other hexagram sequences
edit- Binary sequence, also known as Fu Xi sequence or Shao Yong sequence
- Mawangdui sequence[1]
- Eight Palaces sequence (attributed to Jing Fang).
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Marshall, Steve Yijing hexagram sequences
- ^ Hacker, Edward A.; Moore, Steve (6 May 2003). "A brief note on the two–part division of the received order of the hexagrams in the Zhouyi" (PDF). Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 30 (2): 219–221. doi:10.1111/1540-6253.00115. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ Bent Nielsen (2003). A companion to Yi jing numerology and cosmology: Chinese studies of images and numbers from Han (202 BCE-220 CE) to Song (960-1279 CE). Routledge. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-7007-1608-1. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ a b Cook, Richard S. (2006). "《周易》卦序詮解 (Zhou yi guaxu quanjie)" (JPEG Image, 1024x793). Retrieved 22 May 2010. STEDT Monograph 5: Classical Chinese Combinatorics: Derivation of the Book of Changes Hexagram Sequence. 660 pages. ISBN 0-944613-44-6. OCLC 77009740.
- ^ "Yijing Dao - Archive of Yijing-related scans from Chinese and other sources". 20 February 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
