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Kingdom of Najera

The kingdom of Najera (923—1076) was a kingdom located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula between the years 923 and 1076, it covered the territories of the valley of the Ebro River, from the current Miranda de Ebro to Tudela. It was the precursor of the kingdom of Navarra and cradle of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragón. From the year 925 onwards, the monarchy of the kingdom of Nájera was the same as that of Pamplona, and was renamed the "kingdom of Nájera-Pamplona," which would be the predecessor of the kingdom of Navarra. The capital of the Kingdom of Nájera was the city of Nájera, currently located in the autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain.

Kingdom of Najera
923–1076
  •   Kingdom of Najera
CapitalNájera
Religion
Catholicism (state religion)
GovernmentFeudal monarchy
King 
• 923–970
García Sánchez I (first)
• 1054–1076
Sancho IV (last)
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
923
• Disestablished
1076
Today part ofSpain

In the monastery of Santa María la Real is the royal pantheon, where the tombs of the kings of the kingdom of Nájera-Pamplona, precursor of the kingdom of Navarra, are located. The kings of the Jiména dynasty, or the Abarca dynasty, are buried here, which remained on the throne from 918 to 1076, and García Ramírez, who reigned from 1135 to 1234. This dynasty comes from the Abarcas dynasty.

History

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Origins

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Monastery of San Millán de Suso with the portaliello of Gonzalo de Berceo with the sarcophagi of the seven infants of Lara and three queens of Nájera.

The beginnings of the kingdom of Nájera date back to the year 918 when the Pamplona king Sancho Garcés I, in collaboration with Ordoño II of León, recovered Nájera and La Rioja Media y Alta (from the current Miranda de Ebro to Tudela) from Muslim rule. These new territories are left under the dominion of his son García Sánchez with the name of "kingdom of Nájera".[1][2]

Five years later, in the year 923, after the recovery of the castle (or fortress) of Nájera, Sancho Garcés gave those lands to his son García Sánchez I, who was still a child, and established the court of the kingdom of Nájera. Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona, uncle of García Sánchez I, was appointed counselor and tutor of García Sánchez I.[3]

After the destruction of Pamplona by Abderramán III in 924, and the death of his father the following year, García Sánchez I also becomes king of Pamplona, moving his residence to Nájera, establishing his court in this city, to the detriment of Pamplona.[3] Since that time, the kingdoms of Pamplona and Nájera appear linked to the same monarch, although they continue to maintain separate entities; therefore, the kingdom is renamed the "kingdom of Nájera-Pamplona."[4]

Sancho Garcés, who became sick, went from monastery to monastery, seeking healing, but ultimately died in 925. He was succeeded by his son García Sánchez who was already reigning in Nájera and expanded his states with the lands of Pamplona. Thereafter, the Pamplona dynasty is established in the Kingdom of Nájera, and the notaries approved of the privileges in royal deeds that the monarchs reign in Nájera and Pamplona.[1]

García Sánchez developed an active policy of repopulating the new territories and supported the monasteries in the area with large donations, especially San Millán de la Cogolla.

Sancho Garcés II would maintain the same policy during the first years (CE 970–994), but the campaigns of Almanzor would force him, as well as his son García Sánchez II «el Temblón» (CE 994–1004), to sign capitulations and pay tributes to Córdoba.

Heyday

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The Kingdom of Pamplona upon the death of Sancho III the Greater (1035)
   Kingdom of Pamplona
   County of Aragon and dependencies belonging to the Pamplona monarchy since 922
   Lost land in 922
   Area linked to Pamplona since the 10th century
   Gain from Ribagorza and annexes 1018-1025
   Borders restored by: Sancho III the Greater 1018-1025
   County of Castile and Álava inherited by: Sancho III
   Area disputed by: Castile and León
   Kingdom of León
  Muslim domains
 
Northwest Iberia in 1064.

With Sancho III the Elder (CE 1004-1035) the kingdom reached its greatest extent,[5] covering a good part of the northern third of the peninsula, from Catalonia to Cantabria. Sancho III was the great promoter of the city of Nájera, where he held Cortes and granted the famous fuero of Nájera, origin of Navarrese legislation and basis of national law;[6] he also minted currency in Nájera, thus creating one of the first Christian mints in the peninsula.[1][3] This monarch was rightly called 'Rex Ibericus', 'Rex totius Hispaniae' and 'Rex Imperator'.[5][3] He favored pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela, establishing shelters and hospitals, and turning the city into a key point of the Jacobean route of the Camino de Santiago.[6][1]

After the death of Sancho III, his Empire was divided among his sons García Sánchez III, king of Nájera-Pamplona, Fernando I count of Castile and future king of León, Ramiro I king of Aragon and Gonzalo Sánchez king of Ribagorza,[7] in this way, Nájera becomes the cradle of the kingdoms of Navarra, Castilla and Aragón, corresponding to the first-born, García Sánchez III (CE 1035-1054), called "the one from Nájera", for having been born and being buried in the city, the patrimonial territories of the kingdoms of Nájera and Pamplona, as well as political hegemony over the other Christian kingdoms of the peninsula.

García Sánchez III extended his domains through the Rioja Baja conquering Calahorra to the taifa of Zaragoza. Of deep Catholic faith, he founded the monastery of Santa María la Real and names it the episcopal seat of the kingdom, endowmenting it with numerous properties. He also created the Order of Cavalry of the Pitcher or the Terrace, the first among the peninsular Christian kingdoms; and favored the monastic desks of San Millán, Nájera and Albelda. He died in the battle of Atapuerca (Burgos) in the fight against his brother Ferdinand I of Castile, in September 1054.[7][6]

Dismemberment

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Distribution of the Kingdom of Pamplona after the death of Sancho IV el de Peñalén. in 1076
  Area occupied by Alfonso VI of León and Castile
  Area occupied by Sancho Ramírez of Aragón
  County of Navarre, held by the Aragonese monarch in homage to Castilian

After the murder of his father, at the age of 14, Sancho Garcés IV (CE 1054- 1076)[3][2][1] succeeds him and is proclaimed in the same field of Atapuerca. Sancho II, king of León and Castile, invaded the mountains of Oca, La Bureba and Navarre itself, conquering the Plaza de Viana. Sancho Garcés IV sought the help of his cousin Sancho Ramírez of Aragon, who defeated the Castilians in Viana in 1067. Later, in 1076, Alfonso VI, king of León and Castile (son of Ferdinand I of Castile), temporarily invaded La Rioja with Al-Muqtadir in an attempt to install a submissive king in Nájera-Pamplona. The last king of Nájera, Sancho Garcés IV the nobleman or the one of Peñalén, died at the hands of his brother Ramón, who took him down the precipice of Peñalén [es], in Funes, while he hunted.[1][6][7]

After the death of Sancho Garcés, a second period begins in which there are no longer Kings of Nájera, except for the years that it was governed by Sancho III de Castilla,[3] because sovereignty was claimed by the kings descendants of Sancho Garcés III; the city of Nájera was taken by Alfonso VI, leaving the command of the conflicts caused by this event, which led to the division of the kingdom; the Navarre part was annexed to the Kingdom of Aragon, thus putting an end to the so-called kingdom of Nájera, being renamed Señorío de Nájera and the Duchy of Nájera.[4][3][7]

Under Castile, he formed a county under García Ordóñez until his death in the battle of Uclés in 1108. The subsequent wedding between Urraca de León and Alfonso I of Aragon temporarily united the crowns of León-Castilla and Aragón-Pamplona, briefly, between 1109 and 1114. The feudal tenure was held by Diego López I de Haro until 1113 when Alfonso I of Aragon, El Batallador, dispossesses the tenure of Nájera and puts in his place Fortún Garcés Cajal, who will rule in 1113. After the death of the Alfonso I of Aragon, Nájera, Calahorra and other borderlands were annexed to the kingdom of Castile by Alfonso VII of León and Castile, who alleged hereditary rights and restored the borders of his grandfather, Alfonso VI.[1]

Main milestones

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  • The Fuero de Nájera (CE 1020), contemporary with that of León, was granted by Sancho Garcés III, it is the predecessor of the fueros de Logroño. Navarra and the Basque Country.
  • The codices Vigiliano (CE 976) and Emilianense (CE 994) are written, which contain numerous councils and epistles, which decree pontifical and territorial law to the Kingdom of Nájera; thus celebrating famous Synods (CE 1067, 1143 and 1155).[6][2][1]
  • To the Curias de Nájera attended, called by their king, the nobles, magnates and knights of their extensive domains and the bishops, abbots and priors of Pamplona, Calahorra, Labourd, Valpuesta, Osma, Burgos, Oca, Silos, Álava, San Millán and Nájera.[6]
  • The bishoprics of Nájera and Calahorra, mainly by King García Sánchez III, had immense ecclesiastical jurisdiction, from which the dioceses of Guipúzcoa, Vizcaya and Alava were detached. This circumstance reveals the extraordinary influence on the spiritual order exercised by the La Rioja Church in such extensive territories until the middle of the 19th century.[1][6]
  • The Ordinament of Nájera, promulgated in the Courts of the city, celebrated by Alfonso VII in 1137–1138, is the first medieval written Code and source of the Alcalá and later ones.[6]
  • The first Christian mint was located in Nájera, when minting currency in the city under the reign of Sancho Garcés III.[6]
  • García Sánchez III founded the Military Order of Terraza.[6]

List of monarchs

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The first monarch is García Sánchez I and the last Sancho IV, all of them belonging to the same family and dynasty; the Jimena dynasty.[1][8]

Image Name Period of Reign Milestones
  García Sánchez I Son of Sancho Garcés I, king of Pamplona CE 923-970
  • First king of Nájera
  • He was also king of Pamplona
  • Monarch of the Jimena's Dynasty
  • He obtains the reign as a gift from his father.
  Sancho Garcés II

Son of the previous one

CE 970-994
  García Sánchez II

Hijo del anterior

CE 994-1000
  Sancho Garcés III

"Son of the previous one"

CE 1004-1035
  García Sánchez III

Hijo del anterior

CE 1035-1054
  Sancho Garcés IV

"Son of the previous one"

CE 1054-1076

Other personalities

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Royal Pantheon of the kings of Nájera-Pamplona in the monastery of Santa María La Real of Nájera

Queen consorts

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Main infrastructures: the monasteries

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Monastery of Santa María la Real de Nájera.

Notes

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j García Prado, Justiniano (1983). "Historia de La Rioja: Edad Media" (in Spanish). Logroño. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Kondaira. "Reino de Pamplona-Nájera". kondaira.net (in Spanish and Basque). Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Ayuntamiento de Nájera. "Reino de Nájera". najera.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
  4. ^ a b García Prado, J. "Reino de Nájera". vallenajerilla.com (in Spanish). Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  5. ^ a b Kondaira. "Apogee of the Kingdom of Pamplona-Nájera". kondaira.net (in Spanish and Basque). Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ayuntamiento de Nájera. "Nájera en la historia". najera.es. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d Kondaira. "Desmembramiento del Reino de Pamplona-Nájera". kondaira.net. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  8. ^ Ayuntamiento de Nájera. "Reyes de Nájera-Pamplona" (in Spanish). Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  9. ^ Ayuntamiento de Nájera. "Monastery of Santa María la Real". najera.es (in Spanish). Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  10. ^ a b Monastery of San Millán. "Monastery of San Millán". monasteriodesanmillan.com (in Spanish). Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  11. ^ Monastery of Valvanera. "Monastery of Valvanera". monasteriodevalvanera.com (in Spanish). Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  12. ^ Ayuntamiento de Nájera. "El Alcázar de Nájera". ayuntamientodenajera.es (in Spanish). Retrieved January 1, 2016.

See also

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