Wikipedia

Kings of Rhythm

Kings of Rhythm are an American music group formed in the late 1940s in Clarksdale, Mississippi and led by Ike Turner through to his death in 2007. Turner would retain the name of the band throughout his career, although the group has undergone considerable line-up changes over time.

The Kings of Rhythm
Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm (1956). Back: Jackie Brenston, Raymond Hill, Eddie Jones, Fred Sample, Billy Gayles. Front: Jesse Knight Jr., Ike Turner, and Eugene Washington
Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm (1956). Back: Jackie Brenston, Raymond Hill, Eddie Jones, Fred Sample, Billy Gayles. Front: Jesse Knight Jr., Ike Turner, and Eugene Washington
Background information
Also known as
  • Jackie Brenston & His Delta Cats
  • Ike Turner & His Orchestra
  • Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm
  • Nasty Minds
  • Family Vibes
OriginClarksdale, Mississippi, U.S.
Genres
Years activelate 1940s–1976, 1986-1987, 2001-present
Labels
Spinoff ofThe Tophatters
Members
  • Leo Dombecki – Keyboards, saxophone
  • Bill Ray – Drums
  • Armando Cepeda – Bass
  • Ryan Montana – Saxophone
  • Seth Blumberg – Guitar
  • Earl Thomas
Past membersIke Turner
Jackie Brenston
Willie Kizart
Raymond Hill
Willie "Bad Boy" Sims
Johnny O'Neal
Eugene Washington
Billy Gayles
Clayton Love
Ernest Lane
Jesse Knight Jr.
Bonnie Turner
Annie Mae Wilson
Jimi Hendrix
Leon Blue
Mack Johnson
Clifford Solomon
Jackie Clark
Warren Dawson
Mark Landon
Soko Richardson
See members section for others

The group was an offshoot of a large big band ensemble called the Tophatters. By the late 1940s, Turner had renamed this group the Kings of Rhythm. Their early stage performances consisted largely of covers of popular jukebox hits of the day.[1] In 1951, Turner and his Kings of Rhythm recorded the song "Rocket 88" (credited to Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats), which is a contender for the first rock and roll record. The song is inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Grammy Hall of Fame, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Singles.[2][3]

In the 1960s, the Kings of Rhythm became the band for the "Ike & Tina Turner Revue". For a few years in the early 1970s they were renamed the Family Vibes, and released two albums under that name. After the disbanding of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue in 1976, Turner revived the Kings of Rhythm in 2001 and released the Grammy-nominated album Here And Now. The Kings of Rhythm backed Turner on his Grammy-winning album Risin' with the Blues (2006).[4] After Turner died in 2007, the band for some time was under the leadership of pianist Ernest Lane, who was a childhood friend of Turner's. The Kings of Rhythm continue to perform with vocalist Earl Thomas.[5]

Career

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Formation: The Tophatters

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As a teenager, Ike Turner joined a large rhythm ensemble in Clarksdale, Mississippi called the Tophatters, which included musicians Raymond Hill, Eugene Fox, and Clayton Love.[1][6] They performed at local dances, playing big band arrangements from sheet music.[7] At one point the Tophatters had over 30 members, and eventually split into two, with one act who wanted to carry on playing dance band jazz calling themselves the Dukes of Swing and the other, led by Turner, becoming the Kings of Rhythm.[8] A rivalry between the two former factions of the Tophatters lasted for some time, with the two staging an open air 'battle-of-the-bands' where they played from atop two flatbed trucks every fortnight.[7]

1940s: Early years

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The Kings of Rhythm had a regular Wednesday night residency at Clarksdale's Harlem Theater. This got them bookings around the Mississippi Delta region. Their early stage performances consisted largely of covers of popular jukebox hits.[9] In March 1951 whilst driving between gigs, the Kings of Rhythm dropped in on a B.B. King club date in Chambers, Mississippi. Turner persuaded King to let the band sit in and play a number with him. King contests this, remembering that it was only Turner who sat in with his band. They were well received and the club owner booked them for a weekend residency, whilst King recommended them to Sam Philips at Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee.[7] In the 1950s, The Kings received regular airplay from live sessions on Clarksdale radio station WROX-AM, at the behest of DJ Early Wright. The band would sometimes play a session that lasted an hour.[10]

1951: "Rocket 88"

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Main article: Rocket 88

Sam Phillips invited the Kings of Rhythm down to Memphis to record at Sun Studios, and the group had to devise an original song at short notice for the session. The saxophonist, Jackie Brenston, suggested a song about the new Rocket 88 Oldsmobile. Turner worked out the arrangement and the piano introduction and the band collaborated on the rest with Brenston on vocals.[7][9] "Rocket 88" came out with the group erroneously credited as Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats, instead of Ike Turner and his Kings of Rhythm featuring Jackie Brenston.[1] The single went on to sell half a million copies, reaching the top of the Billboard R&B charts in June 1951. The success of the record caused divisions within the group, with Brenston believing he was now the star and should front the group, and Turner and Raymond Hill bitter that they had received little recognition or recompense for writing and recording a hit record. Turner and the band were only paid $20 each for the record,[11] with the exception of Brenston, who sold the rights to Phillips for $910.[12]

The group's regular singer, Johnny O'Neal, had left prior to the recording of "Rocket 88" to sign a contract with King Records, but Turner still refused to allow Brenston to take over as singer. Following the success of the record, Brenston was convinced he was the star of the group and left to pursue a solo career.[1] This caused the group to fall apart with some members backing Brenston on the road. However, Turner held onto the name and soon reformed the Kings of Rhythm with a new line-up.[7]

1952–1954: Sun/Modern Records

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Between 1952 and 1954, Turner became a session musician and production assistant for Sam Philips at Sun Records and the Bihari brothers at Modern/RPM Records. Turner was also a freelance talent scout, and used the Kings of Rhythm as session musicians. They played on many recording for the Biharis' Modern, RPM, and Flair labels.[1]

Turner's wife Bonnie Turner was a pianist and vocalist in his new line-up. They released the record "My Heart Belongs To You" / "Looking for My Baby" from RPM in 1952. The Kings of Rhythm which included Bonnie Turner, Raymond Hill, Billy "The Kid" Emerson and Johnny O'Neal recorded for Sun in 1953 and 1954. Some of the recordings remained unissued until Charly Records released of Sun: The Roots Of Rock: Volume 3: Delta Rhythm Kings in 1976.[13] Turner and the Kings of Rhythm last recorded for Sun in 1958 with Tommy Hodge; by then, Phillips had shifted his focus onto rockabilly music and wasn't recording many black musicians anymore.[14]

1954–1962: St. Louis

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In late 1954, Turner took the reformed version of Kings of Rhythm north to East St. Louis,[15] which included Kizart, Sims, O'Neal, Jesse Knight Jr. and Turner's then wife Annie Mae Wilson on piano and vocals. Around this time, Turner moved over to playing guitar to accommodate Wilson, taking lessons from Willie Kizart to improve.[1]

Turner maintained strict discipline over the band, insisting they lived in a large house with him so he could conduct early morning rehearsals at a moment's notice. He would fire anyone he suspected of drinking or taking drugs, and would fine band members if they played a wrong note.[1] He controlled everything from the arrangements down to the suits the band wore onstage. Starting off playing at a club called Kingsbury's in Madison, Illinois, within a year Turner had built up a full gig schedule, establishing his group as one of the most highly rated on the St. Louis club circuit, vying for popularity with their only real competition, Sir John's Trio featuring Chuck Berry.[16] The bands would play all-nighters in St. Louis, then cross the river to the clubs of East St. Louis, and continue playing until dawn. In St. Louis for the first time Turner and the band were exposed to a developing white teenage audience who were excited by rhythm and blues.[1] Clubs they played in St. Louis included Club Imperial, which was popular with white teenagers, The Dynaflow, The Moonlight Lounge, Club Riviera and the West End Walters. In East St. Louis, the group would play at Kingsbury's, Manhattan Club and The Sportsman.[1][17]

Between live dates, Turner took the band to Cincinnati to record for Federal in 1956. The session produced the regional hit "I'm Tore Up," featuring lead vocalist Billy Gayles.[12] In 1958, the band recorded for Cobra/Artistic in Chicago, serving as the house band for Buddy Guy, Otis Rush, and Betty Everett.[18] Turner befriended St. Louis R&B fan Bill Stevens, who in 1959 set up the short-lived record label Stevens Records, which was financed by his father, Fred Stevens.[19][20] Turner and the Kings of Rhythm recorded for Stevens, of which seven singles were released and later included on the Red Lightnin' compilation Hey Hey (1984).[21]

1960–1976: The Ike & Tina Turner Revue

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Main article: Ike & Tina Turner

After the addition of his future wife Little Ann (Tina Turner) as lead singer, Turner formed the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.[12] The creation of the revue was in a large part the birth of the soul revues of the 1960s. The Kings of Rhythm and Tina were joined on stage by the Ikettes, who contributed backing vocals and choreographed dance moves. As backing band to the duo, the band played on many substantial soul hits, including the million sellers "A Fool In Love" (1960) and "It's Gonna Work Out Fine"(1961) both for Sue Records.[7] Also included in the revue were male singers Stacy Johnson, Vernon Guy, Jimmy Thomas and Bobby John.[22][15] Turner moved the revue to California in 1962.[1]

In the mid-1960s Jimi Hendrix briefly played backing guitar in the band.[23] Turner fired him because his guitar solos became "so elaborate they overstepped the bounds."[24][25] In 1964, the band released the single "Getting Nasty" / "Nutting Up" under the alias Nasty Minds on Turner's Sonja label.[1] In addition the band appeared on local television shows and toured the Chitlin' Circuit. The Ike & Tina Turner Revue was featured in the 1965 concert film The Big T.N.T. Show. The lineup for that performance was Turner and Herb Sadler on guitar, James Norwood on drums, Sam Rhodes on bass and Ernest Lane on piano. In the fall of 1966, the Ike Tina Turner Reve joined the Rolling Stones in their British Tour.[26] They also joined the Rolling Stones for their American Tour in 1969.[26]

By 1970, Ike & Tina Turner had a resurgence on the charts with their rock covers. Following the success of their single "Proud Mary" in 1971, the Kings of Rhythm were renamed the Family Vibes.[27] They released two albums as the Family Vibes, Strange Fruit (1972) and Confined to Soul (1973), both produced by Turner. The Ike & Tina Turner Revue disbanded in 1976.[1]

1986–1987: St. Louis Kings of Rhythm

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In 1986, a revival of the King of Rhythm consisting of several veteran members toured Europe as the St. Louis Kings Of Rhythm. The tour extended into 1987, and an album titled St. Louis Kings Of Rhythm was released on Timeless Records in Europe. Mayor Vincent Schoemehl officially appointed the St. Louis Kings Of Rhythm ambassadors for the City of St. Louis.[28]

2001–present: Reformation

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In the late 1990s Turner toured with Joe Louis Walker. The positive response to the tour encouraged him to reform the Kings of Rhythm. The Kings of Rhythm toured the U.S. in 2001 and headlined a showcase at South by Southwest, where they were hailed as one of the highlights of the conference.[29][30] This led to the recording and release of the Grammy-nominated album Here And Now (2001) by Turner and the Kings of Rhythm. The album won two W.C. Handy Awards, the Blues Foundation's equivalent of the Grammy Awards, for Best Traditional Blues Album and Comeback Album of the Year in 2002.[31] They received positive reviews for their performances at various music festivals, including Montreux Jazz Festival (2002), North Sea Jazz Festival (2002), and Jazz à Vienne (2004).[32][33]

The Kings of Rhythm backed Turner on his Grammy-winning album Risin' With The Blues (2006).[4] After Turner died in December 2007, the band was temporarily under the leadership of pianist Ernest Lane (1931–2012), a childhood friend of Turner's.[34] The band performed Turner's classic songs at his funeral.[15] Since 2008, the band has performed with vocalist Earl Thomas.[5] Thomas became a fan of Ike & Tina Turner after watching the film Soul To Soul (1971) as a child. He met Turner in 2004 and remained in contact with him until his death.[35]

Legacy

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By some accounts, "Rocket 88" is considered the first rock and roll record.[36][37]

Speaking on "Rocket 88" being a contender for the first rock 'n' roll record, broadcaster Paul Gambaccini said:

In musical terms [he was] very important. "Rocket 88" is one of the two records that can claim to be the first rock 'n' roll record, the other being "The Fat Man" by Fats Domino from 1949. But "Rocket 88" does have a couple of elements which "The Fat Man" did not. The wailing saxophone and that distorted electric guitar. It was number one in the rhythm and blues chart for five weeks, it's in the Grammy Hall of Fame and it was an indisputable claim to fame for Ike Turner, even though his lead singer and saxophonist, Jackie Brenston, got the label credit.[38]

Awards

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"Rocket 88" was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1991, the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Singles in 2018.[2][3]

Band members

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1951 Rocket 88 recording band (Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats)

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1950s–1960s members

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Studio lineup for A Black Man's Soul (1969)

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  • Jesse Knight – Bass 
  • McKinley "Mack" Johnson – Drums
  • Ike Turner – Guitar
  • Teasky Tribble – Percussion
  • Fred Sample, Ike Turner,
  • Washee – Saxophone 
  • Jesse Heron – Trombone
  • Tina Turner – Vocals

1970s members

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  • Ike Turner – Guitar, Organ
  • Leon Blue – Piano
  • Edward Burks – Trombone
  • Jackie Clark – Guitar
  • Warren Dawson – Bass
  • Patrick Gammon – Piano
  • McKinley "Mack" Johnson – Trumpet
  • Mark Landon – Guitar[45]
  • John Leland – Bass
  • Mary Reed – Tenor saxophone
  • Jimmie Smith – Tenor saxophone
  • J.D. Reed – Baritone saxophone
  • Soko Richardson – Drums
  • Larry Reed – Tenor Saxophone
  • Claude Williams – Trumpet

St. Louis Kings of Rhythm lineup (1986–1987)

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  • Clayton Love – Keyboard
  • Billy Gayles – Drummer, vocals
  • Robbie Montgomery – Vocalist
  • Stacy Johnson – Vocalist
  • Oliver Sain – Saxophone
  • Jimmy Hinds – Bass
  • Darrel Darden – Guitar (1986)
  • Marvin "Buzzy" Morton – Guitar (1987)

Current members

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  • Paul Smith – Keyboards, Organ
  • Leo Dombecki – Keyboards, Saxophone
  • Bill Ray – Drums
  • Armando Cepeda – Bass
  • Kevin Cooper – Bass
  • Ryan Montana – Saxophone
  • Seth Blumberg – Guitar

Partial discography

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[46][47][1]

See also: Ike Turner discography and List of songs written by Ike Turner

Studio albums

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Live albums

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  • 2002: Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm – The Resurrection: Live Montreux Jazz Festival, Isabel IS 640202
  • 2006: Ike Turner & The Kings Of Rhythm – Live In Concert, Charly Films CHF-F1014LF [DVD/2CD]

Compilations

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  • 1976: Sun – The Roots Of Rock, Volume 3: Delta Rhythm Kings (Charly CR-30103)
  • 1976: Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm – I'm Tore Up (Red Lightnin' RL-0016)[48]
  • 1984: The Legendary Ike Turner and The Kings of Rhythm – Hey Hey (Red Lightnin' RL-0047)
  • 1990: Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm – Cobra Sessions 1958 (P-Vine PCD-2161)
  • 2001: The Kings Of Rhythm Featuring Ike Turner – The Sun Sessions (Varèse Sarabande 302 066 232 2)
  • 2004: Ike Turner And The Kings Of Rhythm – King Cobra: The Chicago Sessions (Fuel 2000/Varese 302 061 390 2)
  • 2017: Ike Turner And The Kings Of Rhythm – She Made My Blood Run Cold (Southern Routes SR-CD-3502)

Singles

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  • 1951: "Heartbroken and Worried" / "I'm Lonesome Baby" (Chess 1459) – Ike Turner And His Kings of Rhythm,
  • 1952: "My Heart Belongs To You" / "Looking for My Baby"(RPM 362) – Bonnie and Ike Turner With Orchestra Acc.
  • 1954: "Sinners Dream" / "Stay At Home" (Checker 792) – Eugene Fox
  • 1954: "Wicked Little Baby" / "Why Don't You Believe In Me" (Modern 929) – Clayton Love
  • 1954: "I Miss You So" / "Early Times" (Modern 930) – Dennis Binder & His Orchestra
  • 1954: "The Snuggle"/ "Bourbon Street Jump" (Sun 204) – Raymond Hill
  • 1954: "Baby Please" / "Gypsy Blues" (Flair 1037) – Matt Cockrell
  • 1954: "The Drean (Part 1)" / "The Dream (Part 2) (RPM 420) – The Fox
  • 1956: "As Long As I Have You" / "I Wanna Make Love To You" (RPM 446) – The Trojans
  • 1956: "What Am I To Do" / "I'll Die In Love With You" (Federal 12267) – The Rockers
  • 1956: "My Baby's Tops" / "Flaming Tops" (Federal 12284) – The Gardenias
  • 1956: "I'm Tore Up" / "If I Never Had Known You" (Federal 12265) – Billy Gayles with Ike Turner's Rhythm Rockers
  • 1956: "Do Right Baby" / "No Coming Back" (Federal 12282) – Billy Gayles With Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm
  • 1957: "Much Later" / "The Mistreater" (Federal 12291) – Jackie Brenston With Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm
  • 1957: "What Can It Be" / "Gonna Wait For My Chance" (Federal 12283) – Jackie Brenston With Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm
  • 1957: "Do You Mean It" / "She Made My Blood Run Cold" (Federal 12297) – Ike Turner And His Orchestra
  • 1958: "Boxtop" / "Chalypso Love Cry" (Tune Town 501) – Ike Turner, Carlson Oliver, Little Ann
  • 1959: "Box Top" / "Walking Down The Aisle" (Cobra 5033) – Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm
  • 1959: "(I Know) You Don't Love Me" / "Down & Out" (Artistic 1504) – Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm, vocal by Tommy Hodge
  • 1961: "Crackerjack" / "Gettin' Late" (Crackerjack 4000) – Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm
  • 1962: "Prancing" / "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" (Sue 760) – Ike & Tina's Kings of Rhythm
  • 1962: "Drifting" / "Love You Baby" (Kent 45x378) – Ike Turner And His Orchestra, vocal by Bobby "Blue" Bland
  • 1963: "Lonely Soldier" / "The Bad Man" (Sony 111) – Bobby John
  • 1963: "Remove My Doubts" / "Don't Believe 'Em" (Sony 113) – Stacy Johnson
  • 1963: "What's That You've Got" / "Need My Help" (Sony 114) – Ernest Lane
  • 1964: "Anything - To Make It With You" / "Walking Down The Isle" (Sonja 2007) – Vernon Guy
  • 1964: "Getting Nasty" / "Nutting Up" (Sonja 5001) – Nasty Minds
  • 1965: "The New Breed (Pt. 1)" / "The New Breed (Pt. 2)" (Sue 138) – Ike Turner & His Kings of Rhythm
  • 1968: "You Got What You Wanted" / "Too Hot To Hold" (Pompeii 66682) – Tina Turner With Ike Turner & The Kings of Rhythm
  • 1972: "Soppin' Molasses" / "Bootie Lip" (United Artists 50901) – Family Vibes
  • 1973: "Garbage Man" / "El Burrito" (United Artists XW278) – Family Vibes

Uncredited recordings

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  • 1951: "Rocket 88" / "Come Back To Where You Belong" (Chess 1458) – recorded at Sam Phillips' studio in Memphis, Tennessee, on March 3 or 5, 1951 by Ike Turner and his band, The Kings of Rhythm (with his saxophonist and occasional singer Jackie Brenston, being credited on the record's label [Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats] as the writer/performer).
  • 1951: "My Real Gone Rocket" / "Tuckered Out" (Chess 1469) – credited as Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Turner, Ike (1999). Takin' Back My Name: The Confessions of Ike Turner. Cawthorne, Nigel. London: Virgin. ISBN 9781852278502. OCLC 43321298.
  2. ^ a b "Grammy Hall of Fame". Recording Academy Grammy Awards. October 18, 2010.
  3. ^ a b Graff, Gary (April 18, 2018). "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time, Including 'Born to Be Wild' & 'Louie Louie'". Billboard.
  4. ^ a b "Ike Turner". Recording Academy Grammy Awards. November 23, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Earl Thomas". San Diego Reader.
  6. ^ a b "Mississippi Blues Trail-Ike Turner". Mississippi Blues Trail. Mississippi Blues Commission. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Collis, John (2003). Ike Turner- King of Rhythm. London: The Do Not Press. pp. 70–76. ISBN 978-1-904316-24-4.
  8. ^ Romanowski, Patricia (2001). Ike and Tina Turner Biography. Simon & Schuster. pp. 1136. ISBN 978-0-7432-0120-9.
  9. ^ a b Pareles, Jon (December 13, 2007). "Ike Turner, musician and songwriter in duo with Tina Turner, dies at 76". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
  10. ^ Martin, Douglas (December 17, 1999). "Early Wright, 84, Disc Jockey Who Made the Delta Blue, Dies". New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  11. ^ "Ike Turner." Unsung. Exec. Prod. Frank Sinton, Arthur Smith, Kent Weed, and Mark Rowland. Nar. Gary Anthony Williams. TV One, 17. Dec. 2012. Television.
  12. ^ a b c Turner, Tina. (1986). I, Tina: My Life Story. Loder, Kurt (1st ed.). New York: Morrow. ISBN 9780688059491. OCLC 13069211.
  13. ^ "Various – Sun: The Roots Of Rock: Volume 3: Delta Rhythm Kings". Discogs. 1976.
  14. ^ "1958 Sun Sessions 1". 706 Union Avenue Sessions.
  15. ^ a b c Greensmith, Bill; Rowe, Mike; Camarigg, Mark, eds. (2015). Blues Unlimited: Essential Interviews from the Original Blues Magazine. Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press. pp. 189–260. ISBN 9780252097508. OCLC 922018263.
  16. ^ Guralnick, Peter (2000). Rock and Roll is Here to Stay: An Anthology. McKeen, William. W.W. Norton. p. 138. ISBN 9780393047004. OCLC 41320202.
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  19. ^ Palmer, Robert (1992). Present tense: rock & roll and culture. Duke University, U.S.A.: Duke University Press. pp. 32–36. ISBN 978-0-8223-1265-9.
  20. ^ Moon, Jill (August 24, 2016). "Lucky break: Rhythm runs through renowned Ike & Tina guitarist's veins". Alton Telegraph. Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
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  22. ^ Kasten, Roy (May 15, 2017). "Stacy Johnson, Singer with Ike Turner and Benny Sharp and the Sharpees, Has Died". Riverfront Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  23. ^ a b Roby, Steven (2012). Hendrix on Hendrix: Interviews and Encounters. Chicago Review Press. pp. 20, 139. ISBN 978-1613743249.
  24. ^ Wellington, Darryl Lorenzo (August 2, 2005). "Flashy, raucous, sad: the Jimi Hendrix experience". The Christian Science monitor.
  25. ^ Ruttenberg, Jay (May 17, 2001). "Ike Turner". Time Out New York. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
  26. ^ a b Rusten, Ian M. (October 19, 2018). The Rolling Stones in Concert, 1962-1982: A Show-by-Show History. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-7392-9.
  27. ^ "UA Jan. Album Showcases New Ike & Tina Band" (PDF). Cash Box: 12. December 18, 1971.
  28. ^ Baugh, Bob (June 27, 2018). "Jimmy Hinds: The Sound of St. Louis". KDHX.
  29. ^ Altman, Billy (March 19, 2001). "Bluesy Ike Turner Satisfies Curiosity At SXSW". MTV. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019.
  30. ^ Drozdowski, Ted (May 24, 2001). "Living legend: Ike Turner returns to rock and roll". The Phoenix. No. May 24–31, 2001. Boston. Archived from the original on November 22, 2012.
  31. ^ Drozdowski, Ted Drozdowski (September 26, 2011). "King of Rhythm: A Tribute to Rock and Roll Pioneer Ike Turner". Gibson. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011.
  32. ^ "Ike Turner and the Kings of the Rhythm". Jazz à Vienne. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  33. ^ Mark "Toomey" Bonardelli (July 19, 2002). "Blues/Rock Innovator Play Montreux". bonardelli.com.
  34. ^ Dougan, Katherine R. (October 8, 2002). "I Like Ike". Jackson Free Press.
  35. ^ "Earl Thomas and the Kings of Rhythm" (PDF).
  36. ^ Blevins, Joe (March 3, 2016). ""Rocket 88," the first rock song ever, turns 65 today". The A.V. Club.
  37. ^ Cheal, David (November 13, 2015). "The Life of a Song: 'Rocket 88'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022.
  38. ^ "The musical legacy of Ike Turner". BBC. December 13, 2007.
  39. ^ Smoot, Ernest (September 5, 1958). "Out of the Night". The St. Louis Argus. p. 20.
  40. ^ Kiersh, Ed (August 1985). "Ike's Story". Spin. 1 (4): 36–43. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
  41. ^ Lane, Ernest. "Ernest Lane biography". Ernest Lane official website. Ernest Lane. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
  42. ^ "RIP". www.stlmusicyesterdays.com.
  43. ^ Jordan, Oscar (January 17, 2011). "5 Funk Guitarists You Should Know". Premier Guitar. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  44. ^ a b Vernon, Paul (1999). African-American blues, rhythm and blues, gospel and zydeco on film and video, 1926-1997. Ashgate. OCLC 903418900.
  45. ^ Unterberger, Richie (Summer 2007). "The Rage Inside the Machine". Ugly Things (#25): 27, 28. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
  46. ^ "Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm". Discogs.
  47. ^ "Ike Turner Discography". 45cat.
  48. ^ Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm – I'm Tore Up (1976, Vinyl), 1976, retrieved February 16, 2021
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