Kocuria is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. Kocuria is named after Miloslav Kocur, a Czech microbiologist. It has been found in the milk of water deer and reindeer.[3] Cells are coccoid, resembling Staphylococcus and Micrococcus, and can group in pairs, chains, tetrads, cubical arrangements of eight, or irregular clusters. They have rigid cell walls and are either aerobic or facultative anaerobic.[4] Kocuria can usually survive in mesophilic temperatures.[5]

Kocuria
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Micrococcales
Family: Micrococcaceae
Genus: Kocuria
Stackebrandt et al. 1995[1]
Type species
Kocuria rosea
(Flügge 1886) Stackebrandt et al. 1995
Species[2]
Synonyms[2]
  • Pelczaria Poston 1994

Clinical significance

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Kocuria has been found to live on human skin and oral cavity.[6] It is generally considered non-pathogenic but can be found in some infections. Specific infection associated with Kocuria are urinary tract infections, cholecystitis,[7] catheter-associated bacteremia,[8] dacryocystitis,[9] canaliculitis, keratitis,[10] native valve endocarditis,[11] peritonitis,[12] descending necrotizing mediastinitis,[13] brain abscess[14] and meningitis. It is also occasionally isolated in the microbiome of pilonidal sinuses [15] Kocuria rosea is known to cause infection in immunocompromised patients, causing oropharyngeal and deep cervical infections. However, as having low pathogenicity and being very susceptible to antibiotics, with immediate surgical drainage, debridement, and administration of broad range antibiotics showed great results.[13]

Microbiology

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Kocuria can be grown on sheep blood agar and other simple media plates. They grow best in neutral pH environments.[4] Depending on the species, they appear in a range of color such as: orange, pink, red, yellow or cream. They are shown to lack hemolytic ability on a blood agar plate. However, they have shown to react differently to normal laboratory identification techniques. These test include: catalase, urease, oxidase, amylase, gelatins, phosphatase, beta-galactosidase activities, and carbon source and citrate utilization.[16] Kocuria is susceptible towards bacitracin and lysozyme and resistant to nitrofurantoin, furazolidone and lysostaphin.[4][16]

Environment

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In a study done by Louisiana State University, 75 strains of bacteria from the Atacama Desert were tested for its ability to grow in Mars-like climates. The environment tested contained high concentrations of perchlorate salts, a similar condition found on Mars surface. In this environment, Kocuria was found to grow in one of the highest concentrations compared to the other strains.[17]

References

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  1. ^ Stackebrandt, E., Koch, C., Gvozdiak, O., and Schumann, P. "Taxonomic dissection of the genus Micrococcus: Kocuria gen. nov., Nesterenkonia gen. nov., Kytococcus gen. nov., Dermacoccus gen. nov., and Micrococcus Cohn 1872 gen. emend." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1995) 45:682-692
  2. ^ a b Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Kocuria". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  3. ^ Li, Zhipeng; Wright, André-Denis G.; Yang, Yifeng; Si, Huazhe; Li, Guangyu (2017-01-18). "Unique Bacteria Community Composition and Co-occurrence in the Milk of Different Ruminants". Scientific Reports. 7: 40950. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740950L. doi:10.1038/srep40950. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5241872. PMID 28098228.
  4. ^ a b c Venkataramana, Kandi; Padmavali, Palange; Ritu, Vaish; Adnan, Bashir Bhatti; Vinod, Kale; Maheshwar, Reddy Kandi; Mohan, Rao Bhoomagiri (August 2016). "Emerging Bacterial Infection: Identification and Clinical Significance of Kocuria Species". Cureus. 8 (8): e731. doi:10.7759/cureus.731. PMC 5017880. PMID 27630804.
  5. ^ Reimer, Lorenz Christian; Carbasse, Joaquim Sardà; Koblitz, Julia; Ebeling, Christian; Podstawka, Adam; Overmann, Jörg (2022). "Kocuria rosea DSM 20447 is an aerobe, mesophilic bacterium of the family Micrococcaceae". BacDive. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
  6. ^ Grice, Elizabeth; Kong, Heidi; Renaud, Gabriel; Young, Alice; Bouffard, Gerard; Blakesly, Robert; Wolfsberg, Tyra; Turner, Maria; Segre, Julia (July 2018). "A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota". Genome Research. 18 (7): 1043–1050. doi:10.1101/gr.075549.107. PMC 2493393. PMID 18502944.
  7. ^ Ma, Edmond SK; Wong, Chris LP; Lai, Kristi TW; Chan, Edmond CH; Yam, WC; Chan, Angus CW (2005-07-19). "Kocuria kristinae infection associated with acute cholecystitis". BMC Infectious Diseases. 5 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-5-60. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 1181815. PMID 16029488.
  8. ^ Dotis, John; Printza, Nikoleta; Stabouli, Stella; Papachristou, Fotios (Jan–Feb 2015). "Kocuria Species Peritonitis: Although Rare, We Have To Care". Peritoneal Dialysis International. 35 (1): 26–30. doi:10.3747/pdi.2013.00138. PMC 4335924. PMID 24584591.
  9. ^ Domont, Fanny; Le Flèche-Matéos, Anne; Brémond-Gignac, Dominique; Hamdad, Farida (2014-06-01). "Kocuria dacryocystitis infection, caused by Kocuria ocularis sp. nov". JMM Case Reports. 1 (2). doi:10.1099/jmmcr.0.002022. ISSN 2053-3721.
  10. ^ Mattern, R.M.; Ding, Jiaxi (2014-02-27). "Keratitis with Kocuria palustris and Rothia mucilaginosa in Vitamin A Deficiency". Case Reports in Ophthalmology. 5 (1): 72–77. doi:10.1159/000360391. ISSN 1663-2699. PMC 3975196. PMID 24707276.
  11. ^ Moreira, Jorge Salomão; Riccetto, Adriana Gut Lopes; da Silva, Marcos Tadeu Nolasco; Vilela, Maria Marluce dos Santos (January 2015). "Endocarditis by Kocuria rosea in an immunocompetent child". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 19 (1): 82–84. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2014.09.007. ISSN 1413-8670. PMC 9425231. PMID 25523077.
  12. ^ Sohn, Kyung Mok; Baek, Jin-Yang; Kim, So Hyun; Cheon, Shinhye; Kim, Yeon-Sook (April 2015). "Catheter-related bacteremia caused by Kocuria salsicia: The first case". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 21 (4): 305–307. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2014.11.005. ISSN 1341-321X. PMID 25497673.
  13. ^ a b Lee, Mi Kyung; Choi, Soon Ho; Ryu, Dae Woong (2013-10-11). "Descending necrotizing Mediastinitis caused by Kocuria rosea: A case report". BMC Infectious Diseases. 13 (1): 475. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-475. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 3852562. PMID 24112281.
  14. ^ Tsai, Cheng-Yu; Su, Shou-hsin; Cheng, Yu-Hsin; Chou, Yu-lin; Tsai, Tai-Hsin; Lieu, Ann-Shung (2010-04-27). "Kocuria varians infection associated with brain abscess: A case report". BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-102. ISSN 1471-2334. PMC 2875226. PMID 20423506.
  15. ^ Banerjee T, Singh A, Anurag, Pal S, Basu S. Emergence of Unusual Microorganisms in Microflora of Pilonidal Sinuses: A Multiple Case Series. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2023 Jan-Feb 01;50(1):26-30. doi: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000945. PMID 36668986.
  16. ^ a b Savini, V.; Catavitello, C.; Masciarelli, G.; Astolfi, D.; Balbinot, A.; Bianco, A.; Febbo, F.; D'Amario, C.; D'Antonio, D. (2010-09-30). "Drug sensitivity and clinical impact of members of the genus Kocuria". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 59 (12): 1395–1402. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.021709-0. ISSN 0022-2615. PMID 20884772.
  17. ^ Vallalar, Bharathi (2012). "Investigation of the Growth and Survival of Bacteria from Mars Analog Environments When Exposed to Mars-like Conditions". Lsu Master's Theses.

Further reading

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