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Kytococcus sedentarius

Kytococcus sedentarius is a marine dwelling Gram positive bacterium in the genus Kytococcus.[1][2] It is known for the production of polyketide antibiotics as well as for its role as an opportunistic pathogen. It is strictly aerobic and can only grow when amino acids are provided.

Kytococcus sedentarius
Kytococcus sedentarius culture on Zobell's Marine Agar (Himedia) plate (quadrant streak plate).
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Micrococcales
Family: Kytococcaceae
Genus: Kytococcus
Species:
K. sedentarius
Binomial name
Kytococcus sedentarius
(ZoBell and Upham 1944) Stackebrandt et al. 1995[1][2]
Type strain
ATCC 14392[3]
CCM 314
CCUG 33030
CIP 81.72
DSM 20547
IFO 15357
JCM 11482
LMG 14228
NBRC 15357
NCTC 11040
VKM B-1316
Synonyms
  • Micrococcus sedentarius ZoBell and Upham 1944 (Approved Lists 1980)

It is found in tetrads, irregular clusters, and cubical packets of eight. It is catalase positive, oxidase positive, and exhibits strictly aerobic metabolism. Optimum growth temperature is 25–37 °C (77–99 °F). It is primarily isolated from human skin, and is one of the major causes of pitted keratolysis.[4][5] It was once considered a species of the genus Micrococcus.[6]

Genome

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The genome has been sequenced and contains 2,785,024 bp,[7] which is among the smallest for Actinomycetes, with a G+C content of 71.6%. This encodes 2639 protein coding genes.

Pitted keratolysis

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Main article: Pitted keratolysis

Kytococcus sedentarius may pose a risk to human health through the development of pitted keratolysis, a skin condition characterized by the formation of small pits on the feet and occasionally on the palms, accompanied by potential foul odor and discomfort.[8] This condition typically arises when the feet are exposed to prolonged periods of warmth and humidity, creating an environment suitable to the growth of K. sedentarius and other bacteria.[9] While the process is not fully known, research suggests that K. sedentarius produces proteases, namely P1 and P2, which degrade various substrates found in human skin, including azocasein, insulin β-chain, and keratin.[10] This enzymatic breakdown of keratin, a major component of the skin's horny layers,[11] results in the signature pitted appearance observed in affected areas. Studies indicate that these proteases work best within a slightly acidic pH range of 6.3–6.9,[12] which is why it is important to maintain proper foot hygiene to prevent pitted keratolysis. Additionally, these enzymatic reactions can generate sulfur compounds such as thiols, sulfides, and thioesters, contributing to the foul odor associated with the condition.[13] Treatments for pitted keratolysis typically involve antibiotics aimed at eliminating K. sedentarius and associated bacteria. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include erythromycin, mupirocin, and clindamycin. Preventive measures include keeping the feet dry and using absorbent cotton socks to minimize moisture accumulation.[14]

Infections

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While Kytococcus sedentarius is typically regarded as a harmless bacteria, rare instances of infection attributable to this K. sedentarius have been documented, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems. One case involves a 79-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, who was diagnosed with infectious spondylitis. Upon surgical removal and analyzation of the infected tissue, K. sedentarius was identified as the causative agent. Although how K. sedentarius could have caused the infection is uncertain, it is likely that the breakage of skin barriers during invasive procedures, such as injection therapy, may have caused the bacteria to enter.[15] Another noteworthy case involves a 66-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease due to type 2 diabetes, who developed peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis attributed to Kytococcus sedentarius. This case highlights the potential for touch contamination in infections by Kytococcus sedentarius.[16] Another case involves a 55-year-old man with leukemia who developed hemorrhagic pneumonia likely caused by K. sedentarius after getting induction chemotherapy. It was likely that the chemo caused injuries in the mucosal barrier, which allowed the bacteria to penetrate the gut and reach the lungs through the bloodstreams.[17]

References

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  1. ^ a b Zobell CE, Upham HC. (1944). "A list of marine bacteria including descriptions of sixty new species". Bulletin Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California (Technical Series). 5: 239–292.
  2. ^ a b Stackebrandt E, Koch C, Gvozdiak O, Schumann P (1995). "Taxonomic dissection of the genus Micrococcus: Kocuria gen. nov., Nesterenkonia gen. nov., Kytococcus gen. nov., Dermacoccus gen. nov., and Micrococcus Cohn 1872 gen. emend". Int J Syst Bacteriol. 45 (4): 682–692. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-4-682. PMID 7547287.
  3. ^ Parte, A.C. "Kytococcus". LPSN.
  4. ^ Longshaw, C. M.; Wright, J. D.; Farrell, A. M.; Holland, K. T. (2002). "Kytococcus sedentarius, the organism associated with pitted keratolysis, produces two keratin-degrading enzymes". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 93 (5): 810–816. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01742.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 12392527.
  5. ^ Makhecha, Meena; Dass, Shreya; Singh, Tishya; Gandhi, Riddhi; Yadav, Tulika; Rathod, Dipali (November 2017). "Pitted keratolysis—a study of various clinical manifestations". International Journal of Dermatology. 56 (11): 1154–1160. doi:10.1111/ijd.13744. ISSN 1365-4632. PMID 28924971. S2CID 23775733.
  6. ^ "Kytococcus sedentarius". www.vumicro.com. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
  7. ^ Sims, David; Brettin, Thomas; Detter, John C.; Han, Cliff; Lapidus, Alla; Copeland, Alex; Del Rio, Tijana Glavina; Nolan, Matt; Chen, Feng; Lucas, Susan; Tice, Hope; Cheng, Jan-Fang; Bruce, David; Goodwin, Lynne; Pitluck, Sam; Ovchin-Nikova, Galina; Pati, Amrita; Ivanova, Natalia; Mavrommatis, Konstantinos; Chen, Amy; Palaniappan, Krishna; d'Haeseleer, Patrik; Chain, Patrick; Bristow, Jim; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Markowitz, Victor; Hugenholtz, Philip; Schneider, Susanne; Göker, Markus; et al. (2009). "Complete genome sequence of Kytococcus sedentarius type strain (541)". Stand Genomic Sci. 1 (1): 12–20. doi:10.4056/sigs.761. PMC 3035214. PMID 21304632.
  8. ^ Ertam, I., Aytimur, D., & Yuksel, S. E. (n.d). Isolation of Kytococcus sedentarius from a case of pitted keratolysis [Bir pitted keratolizis olgusundan Kytococcus sedentarius izolasyonu]. Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Izmir, Turkey. Retrieved from [http://egetipdergisi.com.tr/en/download/article-file/350132) ]
  9. ^ Lam, C. (University of Adelaide, South Australia). Mitchell, G. (Copy editor). (July 2022). Pitted keratolysis. DermNet NZ. Retrieved from https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pitted-keratolysis#
  10. ^ Longshaw, C. M., Wright, J. D., Farrell, A. M., & Holland, K. T. (2002). Kytococcus sedentarius, the organism associated with pitted keratolysis, produces two keratin-degrading enzymes. Journal of Applied Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01742.x
  11. ^ Ertam, I., Aytimur, D., & Yuksel, S. E. (n.d). Isolation of Kytococcus sedentarius from a case of pitted keratolysis [Bir pitted keratolizis olgusundan Kytococcus sedentarius izolasyonu]. Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Izmir, Turkey. Retrieved from [http://egetipdergisi.com.tr/en/download/article-file/350132) ]
  12. ^ Longshaw, C. M., Wright, J. D., Farrell, A. M., & Holland, K. T. (2002). Kytococcus sedentarius, the organism associated with pitted keratolysis, produces two keratin-degrading enzymes. Journal of Applied Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01742.x
  13. ^ Ertam, I., Aytimur, D., & Yuksel, S. E. (n.d). Isolation of Kytococcus sedentarius from a case of pitted keratolysis [Bir pitted keratolizis olgusundan Kytococcus sedentarius izolasyonu]. Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Izmir, Turkey. Retrieved from [http://egetipdergisi.com.tr/en/download/article-file/350132) ]
  14. ^ Hsu AR, Hsu JW. Topical Review: Skin Infections in the Foot and Ankle Patient. Foot & Ankle International. 2012;33(7):612-619. doi:10.3113/FAI.2012.0612
  15. ^ Lim KR, Son JS, Moon SY (2021). "Case Report of Infectious Spondylitis Caused by Kytococcus sedentarius". Medicina (Kaunas). 57 (8): 797. doi:10.3390/medicina57080797. PMC 8400003. PMID 34441003. Art. No. 797.
  16. ^ Chaudhary D, Finkle SN (2010). "Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis Due to Kytococcus sedentarius". Peritoneal Dialysis International. 30 (2): 252–253. doi:10.3747/pdi.2009.00086. PMID 20200375.
  17. ^ Levenga H, Donnelly P, Blijlevens N, Verweij P, Shirango H, de Pauw B (2004). "Fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by infection due to Kytococcus sedentarius—a pathogen or passenger?". Annals of Hematology. 83 (7): 447–449. doi:10.1007/s00277-003-0831-x. PMID 14689234.

Further reading

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