Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in the Northern Mariana Islands have evolved substantially in recent years. Same-sex marriage and adoption became legal with the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges in June 2015. However, the U.S. territory does not ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, except in relation to government employees. Gender changes are legal in the Northern Mariana Islands, provided the applicant has undergone sex reassignment surgery.
LGBTQ rights in Northern Mariana Islands | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Status | Legal since 1983 |
| Gender identity | Transgender persons allowed to change gender following surgery |
| Discrimination protections | Some protections for government employees |
| Family rights | |
| Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage since 2015 |
| Adoption | Since 2015 |
History
editThe Chamorro people have traditionally accepted homosexuality and transgender people. Chamorro society was a very sexually tolerant society,[1] where homosexuality was never viewed as taboo but "taken for granted as a part of life". It has been described as openly bisexual, though this is disputed.[2][3] The Chamorro word for a gay man is mamflorita (literally little flowers), whereas lesbian is malalahi (literally women acting like men).[4]
Legality of same-sex sexual activity
editSame-sex sexual activity has been legal in the Northern Marianas since 1983.[5]
Recognition of same-sex relationships
editSame-sex marriage became legal in the Commonwealth on June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to ban same-sex marriages. Prior to this, there was no prohibition on same-sex marriage in the law of the territory, nor do the statutes specify the sex of the parties to a marriage between citizens of the Northern Mariana Islands.[6] Other provisions assume the parties to a marriage are not of the same sex. With respect to a marriage involving one or more non-citizens, the statutes say: "The male at the time of contracting the marriage be at least 18 years of age and the female at least 16 years of age..."[7] Statutes concerning divorce assume that the partners to a marriage are man and wife.[8][9] These laws have yet to be changed to reflect the Supreme Court ruling.
The first marriage between a same-sex couple occurred on the island of Saipan on July 22, 2015.[10]
Adoption and family planning
editAs a result of Obergefell v. Hodges, same-sex couples are permitted to adopt. In addition, lesbian couples can access assisted reproduction services, such as in vitro fertilization. Territory law recognizes the non-genetic, non-gestational mother as a legal parent to a child born via donor insemination, but only if the parents are married.[11]
Discrimination protections and hate crime law
editThe Northern Mariana Islands does not protect people from discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity.
Discrimination against government employees on the basis of their sexual orientation is illegal.[12] The Marianas Visitors Authority and the Civil Service Commission are similarly banned under law from discriminating on account of sexual orientation.[13][14] Such discrimination is subject to "disciplinary action".
The Administrative Code of the Northern Mariana Islands prohibits bullying, harassment and discrimination against public school students, employees and parents. §60-20-401 states:[15]
- All students, employees and parents have the right to be free from discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, creed, religion, color, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, cultural or socio-economic status or disabling condition. Employees shall not participate in, or permit others to engage in, any act of discrimination against students, parents or coworkers based on the above factors or in retaliation for the exercise of any of their rights.
Bullying is defined in §60-20-403 as:[15]
- As used in this regulation, "bullying, harassment, or intimidation" means intentional conduct, including verbal, physical, or written conduct or an intentional electronic communication that creates a hostile educational environment by substantially interfering with a student’s educational benefits, opportunities, or performance, or with a student's physical or psychological well-being and is:
- (i) Motivated by an actual or a perceived personal characteristic including race, national origin, marital status, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, ancestry, physical attributes, socioeconomic status, familial status, or physical or mental ability or disability;
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons are allowed to serve openly in the American Armed Forces.[16]
As of January 2023, the territory's hate crime law covers crimes motivated by hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity.[17] Such crimes are also covered federally under the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.[18]
Gender identity and expression
editTransgender persons in the Northern Mariana Islands may change their legal gender following sex reassignment surgery and a name change. The Vital Statistics Act of 2006, which took effect in March 2007, states that: "Upon receipt of a certified copy of an order of the CNMI Superior Court indicating the sex of an individual born in the CNMI has been changed by surgical procedure and whether such individual’s name has been changed, the certificate of birth of such individual shall be amended as prescribed by regulation."[19]
Living conditions
editThe first pride parade in the Northern Mariana Islands was held in July 2018.[20]
Since legalization in June 2015, the territory has become a popular marriage destination for same-sex couples, especially among Chinese tourists. In the first half of 2018, 77% of all marriages were same-sex marriages.[21]
Summary table
edit| Same-sex sexual activity legal |  (Since 1983)
|
| Equal age of consent |
|
| Anti-discrimination laws in employment only |  / (For government employees)
|
| Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services |
|
| Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) |
|
| Anti-bullying laws include sexual orientation and gender identity |
|
| Same-sex marriages | (Since 2015)
|
| Recognition of same-sex couples | (Since 2015)
|
| Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples | (Since 2015)
|
| Joint adoption by same-sex couples | (Since 2015)
|
| Gays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve openly in the military | (Since 2011)
|
| Transgender people allowed to serve openly in the military |
|
| Right to change legal gender | (Since 2007)
|
| Access to IVF for lesbians |
|
| Conversion therapy banned on minors |
|
| MSMs allowed to donate blood | / (Since 2020; 3-month deferral period)[22]
|
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Shaw, Susan M.; Staton Barbour, Nancy; Duncan, Patti; Freehling-Burton, Kryn; Nichols, Jane (2018). Women's Lives around the World: A Global Encyclopedia [4 volumes].
- ^ Ammon, Richard (October 2008). "Gay Guam". Globalgayz.
- ^ Landy, Thomas (2 May 2018). "Matriarchal traditions endure from pre-colonial Guam". Catholics and Culture.
- ^ Kleiber, Eleanor. "Gender identity and Sexual Identity in the Pacific and Hawai'i: Introduction". University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Library.
- ^ "Gay rights map: Notes on the data". BBC News. February 5, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
- ^ "Commonwealth Code". Northern Mariana Islands Law Revision Commission. Title 8 Section 1205. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
- ^ "Commonwealth Code". Northern Mariana Islands Law Revision Commission. Title 8 Section 1201. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
- ^ "Commonwealth Code". Northern Mariana Islands Law Revision Commission. Title 8 Section 1331. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
A divorce from marriage may be granted ... for the following causes ... Willful neglect by the husband to provide suitable support for his wife when able to do so
- ^ "Commonwealth Code". Northern Mariana Islands Law Revision Commission. Title 8 Section 1332. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
In actions for dissolution of marriage, neither the domicile nor residence of the husband shall be deemed to be the domicile or residence of the wife....
- ^ Todiño, Junhan (July 27, 2015). "Apatang officiates first same-sex marriage on Saipan". Marians Variety.
- ^ "Northern Mariana Islands' equality profile". Movement Advancement Project.
- ^ "Chapter 10-10 Excepted Service Personnel Regulations" (PDF). cnmilaw.org.
- ^ "Chapter 90-40 Marianas Visitors Authority Personnel Regulations" (PDF). cnmilaw.org.
- ^ "Title 10 Civil Service Commission" (PDF). cnmilaw.org.
- ^ a b "Chapter 60-20 Public School System Rules And Regulations" (PDF). cnmilaw.org.
- ^ "Obama certifies end of military's gay ban". NBC News. Washington. July 22, 2011.
- ^ "Governor's Signing Statement" (PDF). 31 January 2023.
- ^ "Obama Signs Hate Crimes Bill". The New York Times. 28 October 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
- ^ Vital Statistics Act of 2006 (PDF) (Public Law 15-50). 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ "LGBT celebrates Gay Pride at GIG". Saipan Tribune. August 1, 2018.
- ^ Bautista, Kimberly (July 17, 2018). "Same-sex tourism still all the rage in CNMI". Saipan Tribune.
- ^ McNamara, Audrey (April 2, 2020). "FDA eases blood donation requirements for gay men amid "urgent" shortage". CBS News.